Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the maximization of the total population of a single species which is governed by a stationary diffusive logistic equation with a fixed amount of resources. For large diffusivity, qualitative properties of the maximizers like symmetry will be addressed. Our results are in line with previous findings which assert that for large diffusion, concentrated resources are favorable for maximizing the total population. Then, an optimality condition for the maximizer is derived based upon rearrangement theory. We develop an efficient numerical algorithm applicable to domains with different geometries in order to compute the maximizer. It is established that the algorithm is convergent. Our numerical simulations give a real insight into the qualitative properties of the maximizer and also lead us to some conjectures about the maximizer.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Numerical results generated during the current study are available in the Zenodo repository, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5525494 (Kao and Mohammadi 2020).
Code Availability
The codes are avaliable in the Zenodo repository, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5525494 (Kao and Mohammadi 2020).
References
Bai X, He X, Li F (2016) An optimization problem and its application in population dynamics. Proc Am Math Soc 144(5):2161–2170. https://doi.org/10.1090/proc/12873
Berestycki H, Hamel F, Roques L (2005) Analysis of the periodically fragmented environment model: I—species persistence. J Math Biol 51(1):75–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-004-0313-3
Brock F (2007) Chapter 1—rearrangements and applications to symmetry problems in PDE. In: Chipot M (ed) Stationary partial differential equations. Handbook of differential equations: stationary partial differential equations, vol 4. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 1–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-5733(07)80004-0
Burton G (1987) Rearrangements of functions, maximization of convex functionals, and vortex rings. Math Ann 276(2):225–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01450739
Burton G (1989) Variational problems on classes of rearrangements and multiple configurations for steady vortices. Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincare (C) Non Linear Anal 6:295–319
Cantrell RS, Cosner C (1989) Diffusive logistic equations with indefinite weights: population models in disrupted environments. Proc R Soc Edinb Sect A: Math 112(3–4):293–318. https://doi.org/10.1017/S030821050001876X
Cantrell RS, Cosner C (1991) The effects of spatial heterogeneity in population dynamics. J Math Biol 29(4):315–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00167155
Chugunova M, Jadamba B, Kao C-Y, Klymko C, Thomas E, Zhao B (2016). Study of a mixed dispersal population dynamics model. In: Topics in numerical partial differential equations and scientific computing. Springer, New York, NY, pp 51–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6399-7_3
Cosner C, Cuccu F, Porru G (2013) Optimization of the first eigenvalue of equations with indefinite weights. Adv Nonlinear Stud 13(1):79–95. https://doi.org/10.1515/ans-2013-0105
Ding W, Finotti H, Lenhart S, Lou Y, Ye Q (2010) Optimal control of growth coefficient on a steady-state population model. Nonlinear Anal Real World Appl 11(2):688–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2009.01.015
Gilbarg D, Trudinger NS (2015) Elliptic partial differential equations of second order. Springer, Berlin
Goss-Custard J, Stillman R, Caldow R, West A, Guillemain M (2003) Carrying capacity in overwintering birds: when are spatial models needed? J Appl Ecol 40(1):176–187. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00785.x
Hardy GH, Littlewood JE, Pólya G, Pólya G et al (1952) Inequalities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
He X, Ni W-M (2016a) Global dynamics of the Lotka–Volterra competition–diffusion system: diffusion and spatial heterogeneity I. Commun Pure Appl Math 69(5):981–1014
He X, Ni W-M (2016b) Global dynamics of the Lotka–Volterra competition–diffusion system with equal amount of total resources, II. Calc Var Partial Differ Equ 55(2):25
He X, Ni W-M (2017) Global dynamics of the Lotka–Volterra competition–diffusion system with equal amount of total resources, III. Calc Var Partial Differ Equ 56(5):132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00526-017-1234-5
Heo J, Kim Y (2021) On the fragmentation phenomenon in the population optimization problem. Proc Am Math Soc 149(12):5211–5221
Hintermüller M, Kao C-Y, Laurain A (2012) Principal eigenvalue minimization for an elliptic problem with indefinite weight and robin boundary conditions. Appl Math Optim 65(1):111–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00245-011-9153-X
Kao C-Y, Mohammadi SA (2020) Maximal total population of species in a diffusive logistic model. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5525494
Kao C-Y, Lou Y, Yanagida E (2008) Principal eigenvalue for an elliptic problem with indefinite weight on cylindrical domains. Math Biosci Eng 5(2):315. https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2008.5.315
Kawohl B (2006) Rearrangements and convexity of level sets in PDE, vol 1150. Springer, Berlin
Lam K-Y, Liu S, Lou Y (2020) Selected topics on reaction–diffusion–advection models from spatial ecology. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.07978. https://doi.org/10.5206/mase/10644
Lamboley J, Laurain A, Nadin G, Privat Y (2016) Properties of optimizers of the principal eigenvalue with indefinite weight and robin conditions. Calc Var Partial Differ Equ 55(6):1–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00526-016-1084-6
Lê A (2006) Eigenvalue problems for the p-Laplacian. Nonlinear Anal: Theory Methods Appl 64(5):1057–1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2005.05.056
Liang S, Lou Y (2012) On the dependence of population size upon random dispersal rate. Discrete Contin Dyn Syst B 17(8):2771–2788
Lieb EH, Loss M (2001) Analysis, vol 14. American Mathematical Soc, Providence, RI
Lou Y (2006) On the effects of migration and spatial heterogeneity on single and multiple species. J Differ Equ 223(2):400–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2005.05.010
Lou Y (2008) Some challenging mathematical problems in evolution of dispersal and population dynamics. In: Friedman A (ed) Tutorials in mathematical biosciences IV. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Springer, Berlin, pp 171–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74331-6_5
Lou Y, Yanagida E (2006) Minimization of the principal eigenvalue for an elliptic boundary value problem with indefinite weight, and applications to population dynamics. Jpn J Ind Appl Math 23(3):275–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03167595
Mazari I, Ruiz-Balet D (2021) A fragmentation phenomenon for a nonenergetic optimal control problem: optimization of the total population size in logistic diffusive models. SIAM J Appl Math 81(1):153–172. https://doi.org/10.1137/20M132818X
Mazari I, Nadin G, Privat Y (2020) Optimal location of resources maximizing the total population size in logistic models. Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées 134:1–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpur.2019.10.008
Mazari I, Nadin G, Privat Y (2021) Optimisation of the total population size for logistic diffusive equations: bang-bang property and fragmentation rate. Commun Partial Differ Equ. https://doi.org/10.1080/03605302.2021.2007533
Nagahara K, Yanagida E (2018) Maximization of the total population in a reaction–diffusion model with logistic growth. Calc Var Partial Differ Equ 57(3):80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00526-018-1353-7
Skellam JG (1951) Random dispersal in theoretical populations. Biometrika 38(1/2):196–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/38.1-2.196
Sperner E (1981) Spherical symmetrization and eigenvalue estimates. Math Z 176:75–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01258906
Yousefnezhad M, Mohammadi S (2016) Stability of a predator–prey system with prey taxis in a general class of functional responses. Acta Math Sci 36(1):62–72. https://doi.org/10.21136/AM.2018.0227-17
Yousefnezhad M, Mohammadi SA, Bozorgnia F (2018) A free boundary problem for a predator–prey model with nonlinear prey-taxis. Appl Math 63(2):125–147. https://doi.org/10.21136/AM.2018.0227-17
Funding
Chiu-Yen Kao’s work is supported in part by NSF grants DMS-1818948 and DMS-2208373.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The authors contributed equally to this work.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kao, CY., Mohammadi, S.A. Maximal total population of species in a diffusive logistic model. J. Math. Biol. 85, 47 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-022-01817-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-022-01817-0