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Genomic Characterization of Salmonella enterica Resistant to Cephalosporin, Quinolones, And Macrolides

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Abstract

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (Salmonella), one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne infections, causes salmonellosis, which is usually self-limiting. However, immunocompromised individuals and children often require antimicrobial therapy. The first line of treatment includes fluoroquinolones, to which Salmonella has emerging resistance worldwide. In fact, the WHO classified fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella as a high-priority pathogen. Salmonella carrying genes such as blaCTX and blaCMY can show resistance to cephalosporins which are also regularly used for treatment. This study focused on determining the antimicrobial resistance of 373 Salmonella isolates, collected from various foods, humans, and animals, as well as the environmental sludge between 2005 and 2020 in Türkiye. Phenotypic analysis of the resistance was determined by disk diffusion method. Isolates resistant to any of the following: ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone were tested for the presence of quinolone, beta-lactamase, and/or macrolide resistance genes by PCR and gel electrophoresis. Five multi-drug-resistant isolates were then further whole genome sequenced and analyzed. More than 32% (n = 120) of the isolates showed resistance to fluoroquinolones by disc diffusion. A significant number of quinolone-resistant isolates are presented with mutated parC and gyrA. Furthermore, 42% (n = 106) of the isolates were resistant to azithromycin and 10% of them harbored mphA gene. On the bright side, only eight isolates showed resistance to ceftriaxone. Overall, we observed an increase in the number of isolates showing resistance to fluoroquinolones and azithromycin over the years and low resistance to ceftriaxone.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Middle East Technical University, Scientific Research Projects BAP for funding the project GAP-314-2020-10285.

Funding

This study was funded by the Middle East Technical University, Scientific Research Projects BAP, project number: GAP-314-2020-10285.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye

    Diala Konyali, Mustafa Guzel & Yeşim Soyer

  2. Department of Food Engineering, Hitit University, Corum, Türkiye

    Mustafa Guzel

  3. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye

    Yeşim Soyer

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  1. Diala Konyali
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  2. Mustafa Guzel
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Contributions

DK contributed to investigation, data analysis and visualization, and writing of the original draft; MG contributed to conceptualization, investigation, methodology, and writing, reviewing, and editing of the manuscript; YS contributed to conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, supervision, and writing, reviewing, and editing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yeşim Soyer.

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Konyali, D., Guzel, M. & Soyer, Y. Genomic Characterization of Salmonella enterica Resistant to Cephalosporin, Quinolones, And Macrolides. Curr Microbiol 80, 344 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03458-y

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