Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Association between ABO blood group/genotype and COVID-19 in a Japanese population

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Annals of Hematology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the ABO blood group has been reported. However, such an association has not been studied in the Japanese population on a large scale. Little is known about the association between COVID-19 and ABO genotype. This study investigated the association between COVID-19 and ABO blood group/genotype in a large Japanese population. All Japanese patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were recruited through the Japan COVID-19 Task Force between February 2020 and October 2021. We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 1790 Japanese COVID-19 patients whose DNA was used for a genome-wide association study. We compared the ABO blood group/genotype in a healthy population (n = 611, control) and COVID-19 patients and then analyzed their associations and clinical outcomes. Blood group A was significantly more prevalent (41.6% vs. 36.8%; P = 0.038), and group O was significantly less prevalent (26.2% vs. 30.8%; P = 0.028) in the COVID-19 group than in the control group. Moreover, genotype OO was significantly less common in the COVID-19 group. Furthermore, blood group AB was identified as an independent risk factor for most severe diseases compared with blood group O [aOR (95% CI) = 1.84 (1.00–3.37)]. In ABO genotype analysis, only genotype AB was an independent risk factor for most severe diseases compared with genotype OO. Blood group O is protective, whereas group A is associated with the risk of infection. Moreover, blood group AB is associated with the risk of the “most” severe disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

References

  1. Branch DR (2010) Blood groups and susceptibility to virus infection: new developments. Curr Opin Hematol 17:558–564. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOH.0b013e32833ece31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Cooling L (2015) Blood groups in infection and host susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Rev 28:801–870. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00109-14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Cheng Y, Cheng G, Chui CH et al (2005) ABO blood group and susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome. JAMA 293:1450–1451. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.12.1450-c

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Zhao J, Yang Y, Huang H et al (2021) Relationship between the ABO blood group and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) susceptibility. Clin Infect Dis 73:328–331. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Zietz M, Zucker J, Tatonetti NP (2020) Associations between blood type and COVID-19 infection, intubation, and death. Nat Commun 11:5761. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19623-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Ray JG, Schull MJ, Vermeulen MJ, Park AL (2021) Association between ABO and Rh blood groups and SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe COVID-19 illness: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med 174:308–315. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-4511

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Valenti L, Villa S, Baselli G et al (2020) Association of ABO blood group and secretor phenotype with severe COVID-19. Transfusion 60:3067–3070. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.16130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Liu N, Zhang T, Ma L et al (2021) The impact of ABO blood group on COVID-19 infection risk and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Rev 48:100785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2020.100785

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Amano J, Oshima M (1999) Expression of the H type 1 blood group antigen during enterocytic differentiation of Caco-2 cells. J Biol Chem 274:21209–21216. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.30.21209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bucardo F, Nordgren J, Carlsson B et al (2010) Asymptomatic Norovirus infections in Nicaraguan children and its association with viral properties and histo-blood group antigens. Pediatr Infect Dis J 29:934–939. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ed9f2f

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Nakao M, Matsuo K, Ito H et al (2011) ABO genotype and the risk of gastric cancer, atrophic gastritis, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20:1665–1672. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Schetelig J, Baldauf H, Wendler S et al (2021) Blood group A epitopes do not facilitate entry of SARS-CoV-2. J Intern Med 290:223–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Namkoong H, Edahiro R, Fukunaga K et al (2021) Japan COVID-19 Task Force: a nationwide consortium to elucidate host genetics of COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Medrxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.17.21256513

  14. Tanaka H, Lee H, Morita A et al (2021) Clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19): preliminary baseline report of Japan COVID-19 Task Force, a nationwide consortium to investigate host genetics of COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis 113:74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.070

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Novel coronavirus: COVID-19 therapeutic trial synopsis. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/covid-19-therapeutic-trial-synopsis. Accessed 26 Jun 2022

  16. Yip SP (2002) Sequence variation at the human ABO locus. Ann Hum Genet 66:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003480001008995

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cserti CM, Dzik WH (2007) The ABO blood group system and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Blood 110:2250–2258. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-03-077602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lane WJ, Westhoff CM, Gleadall NS et al (2018) Automated typing of red blood cell and platelet antigens: a whole-genome sequencing study. Lancet Haematol 5:e241–e251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(18)30053-X

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA et al (2020) Features of 16,749 hospitalised UK patients with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol. Medrxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.23.20076042

  20. Deng G, Yin M, Chen X, Zeng F (2020) Clinical determinants for fatality of 44,672 patients with COVID-19. Crit Care 24:179. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02902-w

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Cunningham JW, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL et al (2020) Clinical outcomes in young US adults hospitalized with COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med 181:379–381. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Harrison SL, Fazio-Eynullayeva E, Lane DA, Underhill P, Lip GYH (2020) Comorbidities associated with mortality in 31,461 adults with COVID-19 in the United States: a federated electronic medical record analysis. PLOS Med 17:e1003321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Zeberg H, Pääbo S (2020) The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neanderthals. Nature 587:610–612. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2818-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Price-Haywood EG, Burton J, Fort D, Seoane L (2020) Hospitalization and mortality among black patients and white patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med 382:2534–2543. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa2011686

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fujita Y, Tanimura M, Tanaka K (1978) The distribution of the ABO blood groups in Japan. J Hum Genet 23:63–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02001790

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Cai Y, Deng A, Yang M (2020) Association between ABO blood groups and risk of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Br J Haematol 190:24–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16797

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Wu BB, Gu DZ, Yu JN, Yang J, Shen WQ (2020) Association between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 infection, severity and demise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Genet Evol 84:104485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Halim MR, Saha S, Haque IU et al (2021) ABO blood group and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU): a retrospective study in a tertiary-level hospital in Bangladesh. J Multidiscip Healthc 14:2429–2436. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S330958

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Muñiz-Diaz E, Llopis J, Parra R et al (2021) Relationship between the ABO blood group and COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and mortality in two cohorts of patients. Blood Transfus 19:54–63. https://doi.org/10.2450/2020.0256-20

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Severe Covid-19 GWAS Group: Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F et al (2020) Genome-wide association study of severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 383:1522–1534. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2020283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Al-Youha SA, Alduaij W, Al-Serri A et al (2021) The impact of ABO blood groups on clinical outcomes and susceptibility to COVID-19: a retrospective study in an unselected population. Transfusion 61:1631–1641. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.16365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Domènech-Montoliu S, Puig-Barberà J, Pac-Sa MR et al (2021) ABO blood groups and the incidence of complications in COVID-19 patients: a population-based prospective cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:10039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Latz CA, DeCarlo C, Boitano L et al (2020) Blood type and outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Ann Hematol 99:2113–2118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-020-04169-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Dai X (2020) ABO blood group predisposes to COVID-19 severity and cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Prev Cardiol 27:1436–1437. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487320922370

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Gérard C, Maggipinto G, Minon JM (2020) COVID-19 and ABO blood group: another viewpoint. Br J Haematol 190:e93–e94. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16884

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Garratty G (2000) Blood groups and disease: a historical perspective. Transfus Med Rev 14:291–301. https://doi.org/10.1053/tmrv.2000.16228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Zakai NA, Judd SE, Alexander K et al (2014) ABO blood type and stroke risk: the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study. J Thromb Haemost 12:564–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.12507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Jukic I, Bingulac-Popovic J, Dogic V et al (2009) ABO blood groups and genetic risk factors for thrombosis in Croatian population. Croat Med J 50:550–558. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2009.50.550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Nakao M, Matsuo K, Hosono S et al (2011) ABO blood group alleles and the risk of pancreatic cancer in a Japanese population. Cancer Sci 102:1076–1080. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01907.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Shibeeb S, Khan A (2022) ABO blood group association and COVID-19. COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: a review. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 44:70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2021.07.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the participants involved in this study and all members of the Japan COVID-19 Task Force engaged in clinical and research work on COVID-19 daily. All the members contributed to this study.

Funding

This work was supported by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (grant numbers JP20nk0101612, JP20fk0108415, JP21km0405211, JP21km0405217, and JP21wm0325031), the Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (grant number JPMJCR20H2), the Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (grant number JPMJPR21R7), and the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (grant number 20CA2054).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan

    Tatsuya Kusumoto, Shotaro Chubachi, Hiromu Tanaka, Ho Lee, Shuhei Azekawa, Shiro Otake, Kensuke Nakagawara, Takahiro Fukushima, Atsuho Morita, Kaori Sakurai, Takanori Asakura, Katsunori Masaki, Hirofumi Kamata, Makoto Ishii & Koichi Fukunaga

  2. Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan

    Ho Namkoong & Naoki Hasegawa

  3. Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

    Mayuko Watase

  4. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

    Takanori Asakura & Yusuke Suzuki

  5. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan

    Makoto Ishii

  6. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Norihiro Harada

  7. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital, Osaka, Japan

    Tetsuya Ueda

  8. Department of Internal Medicine, JCHO (Japan Community Health Care Organization) Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan

    Soichiro Ueda

  9. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, Kumagaya, Japan

    Takashi Ishiguro

  10. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

    Ken Arimura

  11. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kansai Medical University General Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan

    Fukuki Saito

  12. Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan

    Takashi Yoshiyama

  13. Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan

    Yasushi Nakano

  14. Department of Infectious Diseases, Tosei General Hospital, Seto, Japan

    Yoshikazu Mutoh

  15. Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan

    Ryuya Edahiro

  16. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

    Hirohito Sano

  17. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Yasunori Sato

  18. Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan

    Yukinori Okada

  19. Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan

    Yukinori Okada

  20. The Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan

    Yukinori Okada

  21. Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan

    Yukinori Okada

  22. Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Yukinori Okada

  23. Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan

    Yukinori Okada

  24. Medical Innovation Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

    Ryuji Koike

  25. Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Yuko Kitagawa

  26. Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Katsushi Tokunaga

  27. Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

    Akinori Kimura

  28. Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Seiya Imoto

  29. M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

    Satoru Miyano

  30. Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Seishi Ogawa

  31. Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Seishi Ogawa

  32. Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

    Seishi Ogawa

  33. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Takanori Kanai

Authors
  1. Tatsuya Kusumoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shotaro Chubachi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ho Namkoong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hiromu Tanaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ho Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shuhei Azekawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Shiro Otake
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Kensuke Nakagawara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Takahiro Fukushima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Atsuho Morita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Mayuko Watase
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Kaori Sakurai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Takanori Asakura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Katsunori Masaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Hirofumi Kamata
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Makoto Ishii
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Naoki Hasegawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Norihiro Harada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Tetsuya Ueda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Soichiro Ueda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Takashi Ishiguro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Ken Arimura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Fukuki Saito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Takashi Yoshiyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Yasushi Nakano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Yoshikazu Mutoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Yusuke Suzuki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Ryuya Edahiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. Hirohito Sano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Yasunori Sato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. Yukinori Okada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. Ryuji Koike
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. Yuko Kitagawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  34. Katsushi Tokunaga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  35. Akinori Kimura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  36. Seiya Imoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  37. Satoru Miyano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  38. Seishi Ogawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  39. Takanori Kanai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  40. Koichi Fukunaga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization: T.K., S.C., H.N., T.A., K.M., H.K., M.I., N.H., and K.F. Data curation: T.K., H.T., H.L., S.O., K.N., T.F., A.M., and M.W. Formal analysis: T.K., S.C., and H.N. Methodology: T.K., S.C., and H.N. Supervision: T.K., S.C., N.H., T.A., K.M., H.K, M.I., N.H., N.H., T.U., S.U., T.I., K.A., F.S., T.Y., Y.N., Y.M., Y.S., R.E., K.M., Y.S., Y.O., R.K., Y.K., K.T., A.K., S.I., S.M., S.O., T.K., and K.F. Visualization: T.K., S.C., and H.N. Writing—original draft: T.K., S.C., and H.N. Writing—review and editing: T.K., S.C., N.H., T.A., K.M., H.K, M.I., N.H., N.H., T.U., S.U., T.I., K.A., F.S., T.Y., Y.N., Y.M., Y.S., R.E., K.M., Y.S., Y.O., R.K., Y.K., K.T., A.K., S.I., S.M., S.O., T.K., and K.F. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Shotaro Chubachi or Ho Namkoong.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All patients involved in this study provided written or oral consent, and the study design was approved by the ethics committees of Keio University School of Medicine (20200061) and the affiliated research institutions.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

ESM 1

(PDF 56 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kusumoto, T., Chubachi, S., Namkoong, H. et al. Association between ABO blood group/genotype and COVID-19 in a Japanese population. Ann Hematol 102, 3239–3249 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-023-05407-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-023-05407-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation