Abstract
We explored the capacity of the biological and hydromorphological indices used in the Water Framework Directive (WFD) to assess ecosystem services by evaluating the ecological status of Spanish River Basins. This analysis relies on an exhaustive bibliography review which showed scientific evidence of the interlinkages between some ecosystem services and different hydromorphological and biological elements which have been used as indices in the WFD. Our findings indicate that, of a total of 38 ecosystem services analyzed, biological and hydromorphological indices can fully evaluate four ecosystem services. In addition, 18 ecosystem services can be partly evaluated by some of the analyzed indices, while 11 are not related with the indices. While Riparian Forest Quality was the index that was able to assess the largest number of ecosystem services (N = 12), the two indices of macrophytes offered very poor guarantees. Finally, biological indices related to diatoms and aquatic invertebrates and the Fluvial Habitat Index can be related with 7, 6, and 6 ecosystem services, respectively. Because the WFD indices currently used in Spain are not able to assess most of the ecosystem services analyzed, we suggest that there is potential to develop the second phase of the WFD implementation taking this approach into consideration. The incorporation of the ecosystem services approach into the WFD could provide the framework for assess the impacts of human activities on the quality of fluvial ecosystems and could give insights for water and watershed management in order to guarantee the delivery of multiple ecosystem services.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AFNOR (2000) Qualité de l´eau. Détermination de l´Indice Biologique Diatomées (IBD). NF T90-354. Juin 2000. AFNOR Saint-Denis. La Plaine
Aguiar FC, Segurado P, Urbanič G et al (2013) Comparability of river quality assessment using macrophytes: A multi-step procedure to overcome biogeographical differences. Sci Total Environ 476–477:757–767. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.021
Alba-Tercedor J, Sánchez-Ortega A (1988) Un método rápido y simple para evaluar la calidad biológica de las aguas corrientes basado en el de Hellawell (1978). Limnetica 4:51–56
Alba-Tercedor J, Jáimez-Cuéllar P, Álvarez M et al (2004) Caracterización del estado ecológico de ríos mediterráneos ibéricos mediante el índice IBMWP (antes BMWP’). Limnetica 21(2002):175–185
Balvanera P, Siddique I, Dee L et al (2014) Linking biodiversity and ecosystem services: current uncertainties and the necessary next steps. Bioscience 64(1):49–57. doi:10.1093/biosci/bit003
Bonada N, Prat N, Resh VH, Statzner B (2006) Developments in aquatic insect biomonitoring: a comparative analysis of recent approaches. Ann Rev Entomol 51:495–523
Brauman KA, Daily GC, Duarte TK, Mooney HA (2007) The nature and value of ecosystem services: an overview highlighting hydrologic services. Ann Rev Env Resour 32:67–98
Burkhard B, Müller F (2008) Indicating ecosystem health and integrity. In: Denhardt A, Petschow U (eds) Sustainability in river basins—a question of governance. Ökom Verlag, München, pp 35–57
Campbell CJ, Johns CV, Nielsen DL (2014) The value of plant functional groups in demonstrating and communicating vegetation responses to environmental flows. Freshw Biol 59:858–869. doi:10.1111/fwb.12309
Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A et al (2012) Biodiversity loss and its impacts on humanity. Nature 486:59–67. doi:10.1038/nature11148
CEMAGREF (1982) Étude des methods biologiques d’appréciation quantitative de la qualité des eaux. Rapport Q. E. Lyon-A. F. Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, CEMAGREF, Lyon
Coste M (1986) Les methods microfloristiques d’évaluation de la qualite´ des eaux. Cemagref, Bordeaux, 15 pp + 46 annexes
Covich AP, Palmer MA, Crowl TA (1999) The role of benthic invertebrate species in freshwater ecosystems. Zoobenthic species influence energy flows and nutrient cycling. Bioscience 49(2):119–127
De Groot RS, Wilson MA, Boumans RMJ (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecol Econ 41:393–408
De Groot RS, Alkemade R, Braat L et al (2010) Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecol Complex 7:260–272
Díaz S, Fargione J, Chapin FSIII, Tilman D (2006) Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLoS Biol 4:1300–1305. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277
Doherty E, Murphy G, Hynes S, Buckley C (2014) Valuing ecosystem services across water bodies: results from a discrete choice experiment. Ecosyst Serv 7:89–97
ESAWADI (2011) Utilizing the ecosystem services approach for water framework directive implementation framework of analysis work package 1: inception and work on common understanding and methodology, ESAWADI project. http://www.esawadi.eu/documents/?lang=en. Accessed 7April 2014
ESAWADI (2013) Utilizing the ecosystem services approach for water framework directive implementation synthesis report work package 5: synthesis and policy recommendations. ESAWADI project. http://www.esawadi.eu/IMG/pdf/ESAWADI_European_Synthesis_ENG_vf.pdf. Accessed 7 April 2014
European Commission (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament of the Council of 23rd October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. O.J.E.C. L 327, 1–72
European Commission (2012) Communication from the Commission to the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. A Blueprint to Safeguard Europe’s Water Resources, COM 673 final, Bruselas,14.11
European Commission (2013) Science-policy interface in support of the water framework directive. CIS-SPI Activity report 2010–12. http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/sciencepolicy-interface-in-support-of-the-water-framework-directive-pbKI3112744/. Accessed 7 April 2014
Feio MJ, Alves T, Boavida M et al (2010) Functional indicators of stream health: a river-basin approach. Freshw Biol 55:1050–1065. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02332.x
Fernandes JF, de Souza ALT, Tanaka MO (2014) Can the structure of a riparian forest remnant influence stream water quality? A tropical case study. Hydrobiologia 724:175–185. doi:10.1007/s10750-013-1732-1
García-Llorente M, Martín-López B, Díaz S, Montes C (2011) Can ecosystem properties be fully translated into service values? An economic valuation of aquatic plant services. Ecol Appl 21(8):3083–3103
García-Llorente M, Iniesta-Arandia I, Willaarts BA et al (2015) Biophysical and sociocultural factors underlying spatial trade-offs of ecosystem services in semiarid watersheds. Ecol Soc 20(3):39. doi:10.5751/ES-07785-200339
Haines-Young R, Potschin M (2013) Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES): Consultation on Version 4, August-December 2012.EEA Framework Contract No EEA/IEA/09/003
Heink U, Kowarik I (2010) What are indicators? On the definition of indicators in ecology and environmental planning. Ecol Indic 10:584–593
Hering D, Borja A, Carstensen J et al (2010) The European Water Framework Directive at the age of 10: a critical review of the achievements with recommendations for the future. Sci Total Environ 408:4007–4019. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.031
Hoffman CC, Kjaergaard C, Uusi-Kämppä J et al (2009) Phosphorus retention in riparian buffers: review of their efficiency. J Environ Qual 38:1942–1955. doi:10.2134/jeq2010.0543
Holland RA, Eigenbrod F, Armsworth PR et al (2011) Spatial covariation between freshwater and terrestrial ecosystem services. Ecol Appl 21(6):2034–2048
Holmlund C, Hammer M (1999) Ecosystem services generated by fish populations. Ecol Econ 29:253–268
Howe J, White I (2002) The potential implications of the European Union Water Framework Directive on domestic planning systems: a UK case study. Eur Plan Stud 10(8):1027–1038
Kaika M (2003) The WFD: a new directive for a changing social, policy and economic European framework. Eur Plan Stud 11(3):299–316
Kandziora M, Burkhard B, Müller F (2013) Interactions of ecosystem properties, ecosystem integrity and ecosystem service indicators—a theoretical matrix exercise. Ecol Indic 28:54–78
Keeler BL, Polasky S, Brauman KA et al (2012) Linking water quality and well-being for improved assessment and valuation of ecosystem services. PNAS 109:18619–18624
La Roca F (2013) La incorporación de los servicios ecosistémicos a la gestión del agua. In: Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa (ed) VIII Congreso Ibérico sobre Gestión y Planificación del Agua. Fundación Nueva Cultura del Agua, pp 88–110
Lavoie I, Campeau S, Darchambeau F et al (2008) Are diatoms good integrators of temporal variability in stream water quality? Freshw Biol 53:827–841. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01935.x
Lenoir A, Coste M (1996) Development of a practical diatom index of overall water quality applicable to the French National Water Board network. In: Whitton BA, Rott E (eds) Use of Algae for Monitoring Rivers II. Innsbruck: Institut fur Botanik, Universitat, pp 29–43
MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Island Press. Washington, DC. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf
Mace GM, Norris K, Fitter AH (2012) Biodiversity and ecosystem services: a multilayered relationship. Trends Ecol Evol 27(1):19–26. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.006
Maes J, Liquete C, Teller A et al (2016) An indicator framework for assessing ecosystem services in support of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Ecosyst Serv 17:14–23. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.023
Marqués MJ, Martínez-Conde E, Rovira JV (2001) Los macroinvertebrados como índices de evaluación rápida de ecosistemas acuáticos contaminados por metales pesados. Ecotox Environ Res 4:25–31
Marzin A, Archaimbaulta V, Belliard J et al (2012) Ecological assessment of running waters: do macrophytes, macroinvertebrates, diatoms and fish show similar responses to human pressures? Ecol Indic 23:56–65. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.03.010
Moreno JL, Navarro C, De las Heras J (2006) Propuesta de un índice de vegetación acuática (IVAM) para la evaluación del estado trófico de los ríos de Castilla-La Mancha: comparación con otros índices bióticos. Limnetica 25(3):821–838
Moss B (2007) Shallow lakes, the water framework directive and life. What should it all be about? Hydrobiologia 584:381–394. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-0601-1
Moss B (2008) The water framework directive: total environment or political compromise? Sci Total Environ 400:32–41. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.029
Munné A, Sola C, Prat N (1998) QBR: un índice rápido para la evaluación de la calidad de los ecosistemas de ribera. Tecnología del Agua 175:20–37
Munné A, Prat N, Sola C et al (2003) A simple field method for assessing the ecological quality of riparian habitat in rivers and streams: QBR index. Aquat Conserv 13:147–163
Palmer MA, Febria CM (2012) The heartbeat of ecosystems. Science 336:1393–1394
Pardo I, Álvarez M, Casas J et al (2004) El hábitat de los ríos mediterráneos. Diseño de un índice de diversidad de hábitat. Limnetica 21(2002):115–133
Prat N, Munné A (2014) Biomonitoreo de la calidad del agua en los ríos ibéricos: lecciones aprendidas. Limnetica 33(1):47–64
Prygiel J, Coste M (2000) Guide méthodologique pour la mise en oeuvre de l’Indice Biologique Diatomées. NF T 90-354. Agences de l’Eau-Cemagref, Bordeaux. http://cemadoc.cemagref.fr/exl-doc/pub/2000/BX2000-PUB00008265.pdf
Prygiel J, Leveque L, Iserentant R (1996) Un nouvel índice diatomique pratique pour l’évaluation de la qualité des eaux en réseau de surveillance. Rev Sci Eau 9(1):97–113
Reyjol Y, Argillier C, Bonne W et al (2014) Assessing the ecological status in the context of the European Water Framework Directive: where do we go now? Sci Total Environ 497–498:332–344
Roberts K, Granum E, Leegood RC, Raven JA (2007) Carbon acquisition by diatoms. Photosynth Res 93:79–88. doi:10.1007/s11120-007-9172-2
Sánchez-Montoya MM, Gómez R, Suárez ML, Vidal-Abarca MR (2011) Ecological assessment of Mediterranean streams and the special case of temporary streams. In: Elliot HS, Martin LE (eds) River ecosystems: dynamics, management and conservation. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 109–148
Schmera D, Baur B, Erös T (2012) Does functional redundancy of communities provide insurance against human disturbances? An analysis using regional-scale stream invertebrate data. Hydrobiologia 693:183–194. doi:10.1007/s10750-012-1107-z
Segurado P, Caiola N, Pont D et al (2014) Comparability of fish-based ecological quality assessments for geographically distinct Iberian regions. Sci Total Environ 476–477:785–794
SNEA (Spanish National Ecosystem Assessment) (2014) Ecosystems and biodiversity for human wellbeing. Synthesis of the key findings. Biodiversity Foundation of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment. Madrid, Spain
Sostoa A, Caiola N, Casals F (2004) A new IBI (IBICAT) for the local application of the water framework directive. In: García de Jalón D, Vizcaíno-Martínez P (eds) Aquatic habitats: analysis and restoration. International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research, Madrid, pp 187–191
Souza ALT, Fonseca DG, Libório RA, Tanaka MO (2013) Influence of riparian vegetation and forest structure on the water quality of rural low-order streams in SE Brazil. Forest Ecol Manag 298:12–18
Suárez ML, Mellado A, Sánchez-Montoya MM, Vidal-Abarca MR (2005) Propuesta de un índice de macrófitos (IM) para evaluar la calidad ecológica de los ríos de la cuenca del Segura. Limnetica 24:305–318
Sweeney BW, Bott TL, Jackson JK et al (2004) Riparian deforestation, stream narrowing, and loss of stream ecosystem services. PNAS 101:14132–14137. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405895101
TEEB, Kumar P (2010) The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity ecological and economic foundations. Earthscan, London and Washington
Tolonen KT, Hämäläinen H, Lensu A et al (2014) The relevance of ecological status to ecosystem functions and services in a large boreal lake. J Appl Ecol 51:560–571
UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2011) The UK national ecosystem assessment: synthesis of the key findings. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge
Vaughan IP, Diamond M, Gurnell AM et al (2009) Integrating ecology with hydromorphology: a priority for river science and management. Aquat Conserv 19:113–125. doi:10.1002/aqc.895
Vidal-Abarca MR, Suárez Alonso ML, Santos-Martín F et al (2014) Understanding complex links between fluvial ecosystems and social indicators in Spain: an ecosystem services approach. Ecol Complex 20:1–10
Vlachopoulou M, Coughlin D, Forrow D et al (2014) The potential of using the ecosystem approach in the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive. Sci Total Environ 470–471:684–694. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.072
Woodward G, Gessner MO, Giller PS et al (2012) Continental-scale effects of nutrient pollution on stream ecosystem functioning. Science 336:1438–1440
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank to the Spanish National Ecosystem Assessment Project (http://www.ecomilenio.es), which greatly influenced our thinking and ultimately led to this paper. M.M. Sánchez-Montoya was funded by a Marie Curie-IEF Intra-European Fellowship for the CLITEMP Project (330466; MC-IEF; FP7-people-2012-IEF). We also thank Helen Warburton for revising the English.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vidal-Abarca, M.R., Santos-Martín, F., Martín-López, B. et al. Exploring the Capacity of Water Framework Directive Indices to Assess Ecosystem Services in Fluvial and Riparian Systems: Towards a Second Implementation Phase. Environmental Management 57, 1139–1152 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0674-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0674-6