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Comparison of bacterial and archaeal communities in depth-resolved zones in an LNAPL body

  • Environmental biotechnology
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Abstract

Advances in our understanding of the microbial ecology at sites impacted by light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) are needed to drive development of optimized bioremediation technologies, support longevity models, and develop culture-independent molecular tools. In this study, depth-resolved characterization of geochemical parameters and microbial communities was conducted for a shallow hydrocarbon-impacted aquifer. Four distinct zones were identified based on microbial community structure and geochemical data: (i) an aerobic, low-contaminant mass zone at the top of the vadose zone; (ii) a moderate to high-contaminant mass, low-oxygen to anaerobic transition zone in the middle of the vadose zone; (iii) an anaerobic, high-contaminant mass zone spanning the bottom of the vadose zone and saturated zone; and (iv) an anaerobic, low-contaminant mass zone below the LNAPL body. Evidence suggested that hydrocarbon degradation is mediated by syntrophic fermenters and methanogens in zone III. Upward flux of methane likely contributes to promoting anaerobic conditions in zone II by limiting downward flux of oxygen as methane and oxygen fronts converge at the top of this zone. Observed sulfate gradients and microbial communities suggested that sulfate reduction and methanogenesis both contribute to hydrocarbon degradation in zone IV. Pyrosequencing revealed that Syntrophus- and Methanosaeta-related species dominate bacterial and archaeal communities, respectively, in the LNAPL body below the water table. Observed phylotypes were linked with in situ anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation in LNAPL-impacted soils.

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this work was provided by Chevron, Exxon Mobil, and the National Science Foundation via an Alliance for the Graduate Education and Professoriate (AGEP) fellowship awarded to M. Irianni - Renno. The authors would like to thank site consultants from TriHydro Inc., Alysha Hakala, Thomas Gardner, Stephanie Whitfield, Shawn Harshman, and Ben McAlexander, for their technical support in the field.

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Author notes

  1. Daria Akhbari

    Present address: Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA

  2. Mitchell R. Olson

    Present address: Trihydro Corporation, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA

  3. Adam P. Byrne

    Present address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, 209 O’Brien Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

  4. Emilie Lefèvre

    Present address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1301 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA

    Susan K. De Long

  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA

    Maria Irianni-Renno, Daria Akhbari, Mitchell R. Olson, Adam P. Byrne, Emilie Lefèvre, Julio Zimbron & Thomas C. Sale

  3. Chevron Energy Technology Company, 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road, Bldg. C1206, San Ramon, CA, 94583, USA

    Mark Lyverse

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Correspondence to Susan K. De Long.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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This study was funded by Chevron and Exxon Mobil and by the US National Science Foundation via an Alliance for the Graduate Education and Professoriate (AGEP) fellowship awarded to M. Irianni - Renno.

Conflict of interest

M. Irianni - Renno declares she has no conflict of interest. D. Akhbari declares he has no conflict of interest. M.R. Olson declares he has no conflict of interest. A.P. Byrne declares he has no conflict of interest. E. Lefevre declares she has no conflict of interest. J. Zimbron declares he has no conflict of interest. M. Lyverse declares he has no conflict of interest. T.C. Sale declares he has no conflict of interest. S.K. De Long declares she has no conflict of interest.

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Irianni-Renno, M., Akhbari, D., Olson, M.R. et al. Comparison of bacterial and archaeal communities in depth-resolved zones in an LNAPL body. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100, 3347–3360 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7106-z

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