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Ginsenosides: prospective for sustainable biotechnological production

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Abstract

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (ginseng) is a well-known medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in the oriental countries for centuries. Wild ginseng is a scarce and rare commodity. Field cultivation of the ginseng plant is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Ginsenosides, a group of glycosylated triterpenes, also known as saponins, are the principal bioactive constituents of ginseng. The use of cell and organ culture processes has been sought as a potential alternative for the efficient mass production of ginseng raw material. Various bioprocessing strategies have been developed to date. Cells and adventitious roots have been cultured in large-scale bioreactors and various strategies have been developed accordingly for the enhancement of biomass and ginsenoside accumulation. This review highlights the recent progress in the cultivation of ginseng cell and organ cultures for the production of ginsenosides from bioreactor cultures. In addition, the metabolism and biochemistry of ginsenoside biosynthesis, genomic and proteomic studies in ginseng, metabolic engineering, biosafety, toxicological evaluation, and efficacy assessment of ginseng raw material are also summarized and thoroughly discussed.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant from the Korean Healthcare Technology R&D project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (Grant No. A103017). HNM is thankful to the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, Republic of Korea for the Brainpool Fellowship (131S-4-3-0523). The Ministry of Science, ICT, and Planning (MSIP) also supported this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for the Development of Advanced Horticultural Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Republic of Korea

    Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy, So-Young Park & Kee-Yoeup Paek

  2. Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, India

    Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy

  3. The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd., 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

    Milen I. Georgiev

  4. Natural Resources Research Institute, R & D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 22, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejon, 305-805, Republic of Korea

    Yun-Soo Kim

  5. Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Clinical Drug Manufacturing Center, Chungbuk, 363-951, Republic of Korea

    Cheol-Seung Jeong

  6. Gwacheon National Science Museum, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, 110 Sanghabeol-ro, Gwacheon-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 427-060, Republic of Korea

    Sun-Ja Kim

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  1. Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy
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  2. Milen I. Georgiev
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  4. Cheol-Seung Jeong
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Correspondence to Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy or Kee-Yoeup Paek.

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Murthy, H.N., Georgiev, M.I., Kim, YS. et al. Ginsenosides: prospective for sustainable biotechnological production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98, 6243–6254 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5801-9

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