Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Contamination of Soil by Obsolete Pesticide Stockpiles: A Case Study of Derince Province, Turkey

  • Published:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The areal distributions of the soil organochlorine pesticide (OCP) levels were investigated at adjacent and surrounding sites of the obsolete pesticide stockpile warehouse in Kocaeli, Türkiye. OCP levels in soil at neighboring sampling locations (positioned at 0.4 to 3 km from the stockpile) varied from 0.4 to 9 µg/kg and 4.2 to 2226 µg/kg (dry weight) for ΣHCHs and ΣDDXs, respectively. Levels at adjacent locations (positioned within 20 m from the stockpile) were considerably higher, varying from 74 to 39,619 µg/kg and 1592 to 30,419 µg/kg for ΣHCHs and ΣDDXs, respectively. Levels of OCPs dropped abruptly with the horizontal distance from the stockpile and had different transect profiles. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) near the stockpile range from 0.494 to 0.521, 0.454 to 0.515, and 0.483 to 0.533 for α-HCH, o,p′-DDT, and o,p′-DDD, respectively. These near-racemic EFs suggested that observed soil OCP levels were mainly influenced by recent emissions from the stockpile. A comparison of OCP compositions observed in the soil at the present study with the technical HCHs and DDTs revealed that the material in the stockpile primarily contains byproducts that were discarded during DDT and Lindane production at the adjacent plant instead of their technical mixtures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All data and materials reported in the article are included in the manuscript and can be found in supplementary file.

References

  • Alamdar A, Syed JH, Malik RN, Katsoyiannis A, Liud J, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC (2014) Organochlorine pesticides in surface soils from obsolete pesticide dumping ground in Hyderabad City, Pakistan: contamination levels and their potential for air–soil exchange. Sci Total Environ 470–471:733–741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali SN, Baqar M, Mumtaz M, Ashraf U, Anwar MN, Qadir A, Ahmad SR, Nizami AS, Jun H (2020) Organochlorine pesticides in the surrounding soils of POPs destruction facility: source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:7328–7340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman TF, Falconer RL (1999) Using enantiomers to trace pesticide emission. Environ Sci Technol 33:206A-209A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch C, Grimalt JO, Fernández P (2015) Enantiomeric fraction and isomeric composition to assess sources of DDT residues in soils. Chemosphere 138:40–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bozlaker A, Muezzinoglu A, Odabasi M (2009) Processes affecting the movement of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) between soil and air in an industrial site in Türkiye. Chemosphere 77:1168–1176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • US EPA (2000) Assigning values to non-detected/non-quantified pesticide residues in human health food exposure assessments, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, March 23 2000, Report No: 6047

  • US EPA (2023) Estimation programs interface suite™ for Microsoft® Windows, v 4.11. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.

  • Harner T, Wiberg K, Norstrom R (2000) Enantiomer fractions are preferred-to-enantiomer ratios for describing chiral signatures in environmental analysis. Environ Sci Technol 34:218–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegeman WJM, Laane RWPM (2002) Enantiomeric enrichment of chiral pesticides in the environment. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 173:85–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackovitz AM, Hebert RM (2015) Chapter 27-Wildlife toxicity assessment for hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), Wildlife toxicity assessments for chemicals of military concern. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 473–497

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jit S, Dadhwal M, Kumari H, Jindal S, Kaur J, Lata P, Niharika N, Lal D, Garg N, Gupta SK, Sharma P, Bala K, Singh A, Vijgen J, Weber R, Lal R (2011) Evaluation of hexachlorocyclohexane contamination from the last lindane production plant operating in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18:586–597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurt-Karakus PB, Bidleman TF, Jones KC (2005) Chiral organochlorine pesticide signatures in global background soils. Environ Sci Technol 39:8671–8677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurt-Karakus P, Odabasi M, Birgul A, Yaman B, Gunel E, Dumanoglu Y (2018) Environmental contamination by obsolete pesticide stockpiles in Turkey: case study for Derince province. In: 38th international symposium on halogenated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) & 10th international PCB Workshop-DIOXIN 2018, Krakow, Poland

  • MoEUCC (2023) Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change, General Directorate of Environmental Management, Department of Chemicals Management, https://onceliklikimyasallar.csb.gov.tr/en/pops-inventory-i-5254 Accessed 3 Feb 2023

  • Muller TA, Kohler HPE (2004) Chirality of pollutants: effects on metabolism and fate. App Microbiol Biotechnol 64:300–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro I, de la Torre A, Sanz P, Arjol MA, Fernández J, Martínez MA (2019) Organochlorine pesticides air monitoring near a historical lindane production site in Spain. Sci Total Environ 670:1001–1007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NIP (2010) National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on POPs. Republic of Türkiye-Ministry of Environment and Forestry

    Google Scholar 

  • NIP (2015) National Implementation Plan of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Management in Türkiye. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization

    Google Scholar 

  • Odabasi M, Cetin B (2012) Determination of octanol-air partition coefficients of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) as a function of temperature: application to air-soil exchange. J Environ Manag 113:432–439

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odabasi M, Cetin B, Demircioglu E, Sofuoglu A (2008) Air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) at a coastal site in Izmir Bay, Turkey. Mar Chem 109:115–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odabasi M, Bayram A, Elbir T, Seyfioglu R, Dumanoglu Y, Ornektekin S (2010) Investigation of soil concentrations of persistent organic pollutants, trace elements, and anions due to iron-steel plant emissions in an industrial region in Turkey. Water Air Soil Pollut 213:375–388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ricking M, Schwarzbauer J (2012) DDT isomers and metabolites in the environment: an overview. Environ Chem Lett 10:317–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santos A, Fernández J, Guadaño J, Lorenzo D, Romero A (2018) Chlorinated organic compounds in liquid wastes (DNAPL) from lindane production dumped in landfills in Sabiñanigo (Spain). Environ Pollut 242:1616–1624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoeib M, Harner T (2002) Using measured octanol-air partition coefficients to explain environmental partitioning of organochlorine pesticides. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:984–990

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Syed JH, Malik RN (2011) Occurrence and source identification of organochlorine pesticides in the surrounding surface soils of the Ittehad chemical industries Kalashah Kaku, Pakistan. Environ Earth Sci 62:1311–1321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Syed JH, Malik RN, Muhammad A (2014) Organochlorine pesticides in surface soils and sediments from obsolete pesticides dumping site near Lahore city, Pakistan: contamination status and their distribution. Chem Ecol 30:87–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turkish State Meteorological Service (2023) Analysis of meteorological parameters for Türkiye, Wind data, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/resmi-istatistikler/parametreAnalizi/2022-ortalama-ruzgar.pdf, Accessed 14 Oct 2023

  • UNDP (2015) United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Global Environment Facility, POPs Legacy Elimination and POPs Release Reduction Project

  • Vijgen J, Yi LF, Forter M, Lal R, Weber R (2006) The legacy of lindane and technical HCH production. Organohalogen Compd 68:899–904

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vijgen J, de Borst B, Weber R, Stobiecki T, Forter M (2019) HCH and lindane contaminated sites: European and global need for a permanent solution for a long-time neglected issue. Environ Pollut 248:696–705

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vijgen J, Egenhofer C (2009) Obsolete pesticides: A ticking time bomb and why we have to act now. CEPS Special Report, Center for European Policy Studies. https://www.ceps.eu/download/publication/?id=6268&pdf=1841.pdf

  • Zhang C, Liu L, Ma Y, Li F (2018) Using isomeric and metabolic ratios of DDT to identify the sources and fate of DDT in Chinese agricultural topsoil. Environ Sci Technol 52:1990–1996

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The data used in the present study have been presented previously in part as an extended abstract in the 38th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) & 10th International PCB Workshop-DIOXIN 2018 that was held in Krakow, Poland.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Mimar Sinan Mah, Mimar Sinan Bulvarı, Eflak Cad. No: 177, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey

    Perihan Binnur Kurt-Karakus & Askin Birgul

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey

    Mustafa Odabasi, Baris Yaman, Ersan Gunel & Yetkin Dumanoglu

  3. Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Egbert, ON, L0L 1N0, Canada

    Liisa Jantunen

Authors
  1. Perihan Binnur Kurt-Karakus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mustafa Odabasi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Askin Birgul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Baris Yaman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ersan Gunel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yetkin Dumanoglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Liisa Jantunen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

PBKK contributed to conceptualization, data curation, investigation, chiral analysis, chiral data curation, and writing—review and editing. MO contributed to instrumental analysis, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, supervision, validation, visualization, and writing—original draft. AB and BY performed fieldwork and sample collection. EG performed fieldwork, sample collection, and sample preparation. YD carried out sample preparation and instrumental analysis. LJ performed instrumental analysis of chiral compounds, chiral data curation, and writing—review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Perihan Binnur Kurt-Karakus.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical Approval

Not applicable.

Consent for Publication

All the authors have their consent for publishing the manuscript.

Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 67 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kurt-Karakus, P.B., Odabasi, M., Birgul, A. et al. Contamination of Soil by Obsolete Pesticide Stockpiles: A Case Study of Derince Province, Turkey. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 86, 37–47 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-023-01043-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-023-01043-9

Search

Navigation