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A simple assessment of the effect of strontium on the urinary excretion of calcium in Sprague Dawley rats

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Abstract

This study was aimed at investigating the impact of varying concentrations of strontium (Sr) on calcium (Ca) excretion via the urine and determine its impact on kidney stone formation. Twenty adult male Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 200 and 300 g were selected. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of five. One group was used as a control group while the other three groups were experimental. The diet of the rats was modulated over a 12 week period to investigate the impact of Sr on the urinary excretion of Ca. Urinary samples were collected every 2 weeks from the rats. The rats were fed water ad libitum. After the study the rats were euthanised and their kidneys harvested. Urine and kidney samples from the rats were analysed using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF). In the urine excretion of Ca increased with increased intake of Sr in the diet. Sr excretion via the urine also increased with increased dietary intake. There was a correlation of 0.835 at the significance level of 0.01 between Ca and Sr in the urine. However, for the kidneys, the varying concentration of Sr did not impact the retention of Ca in the kidneys. There was increased retention of Sr in the kidneys with increased dietary intake. In this study an increase of Sr in the diet resulted in an increase in urinary excretion of Ca.

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Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to it being a part of an ongoing PhD study but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The data will be made public at the completion of the PhD dissertation.

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Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies Mona, Kingston, Jamaica

    Darrion Walker & Mitko Voutchkov

  2. Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies Mona, Kingston, Jamaica

    Michael T. Gardner

  3. International Centre for Environmental and Nuclear Sciences, Kingston, Jamaica

    Haile Dennis

  4. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies Mona, Kingston, Jamaica

    Darrion Walker

Authors
  1. Darrion Walker
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  2. Michael T. Gardner
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  3. Haile Dennis
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  4. Mitko Voutchkov
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by DW, MG, HD and MV. The first draft of the manuscript was written by DW and HD and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Darrion Walker.

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Conflict of interest

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. No entity or person stands to benefit financially from the conduct of this research.

Ethical approval

This study was granted Ethical Approval by the Mona Campus Research Ethics Committee. Approval number AN10, 20/21. Rats were housed in sterilized plastic cages with absorbent bedding material. The metal covers used facilitated the supply of food and water ad libitum. The food, water and bedding were checked daily, and the bedding changed every 48 h. The rats were be placed in clean holding cages and the feeding cages were cleaned every 48 h. The vital statistics like temperature and weight chart were maintained. The rats were kept in normal room temperature environment which was well aerated with normal lighting present. At the end of the study, the rats were euthanised. The rats that were selected for the study weighed between 200 and 300 g. As such they were anaesthetized before euthanasia using 30 mg/kg of sodium phenobarbital. The sodium phenobarbital was administered intraperitoneally after which they were administered 120 mg/kg of phenobarbital for euthanasia. Rats were then retained in 10% formaldehyde for further studies. The ethical issue of concern for this study was to reduce the risk of unnecessary animal suffering. The research in no way abused the animals. No unnecessary procedure was undertaken. Only procedures necessary to accomplish the aim of the study were undertaken. All procedures were optimised to cause minimal pain to the animals. Other options which could have sufficiently replace the need for animal study were considered and explored such as the possibility and effectiveness of using software to simulate the probable metabolic interactions. The three R’s, Reduction, Replacement and Refinement were always considered during the study. Reduction in that during the study we re-evaluated the method based on the progress of the study to determine if less animals than originally indicated could be used to complete the study. Replacement in that during the study we explored the possibility of replacing the use of animals with non-sentient alternatives available to complete the study. Refinement in that we constantly explored ways to reduce any discomfort to the animals during the study.

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Walker, D., Gardner, M.T., Dennis, H. et al. A simple assessment of the effect of strontium on the urinary excretion of calcium in Sprague Dawley rats. Urolithiasis 51, 53 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-023-01427-5

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