Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of the effect of wood porosity on surface creation by single-grit scratching method. Single grits with cone geometry were prepared to experimentally simulate wood sanding operation. Five wood species with different porosity ranging from about 30 to 80% were selected as samples. Besides, aluminum (Al 1060) samples were made as a contrast. The surface morphology was evaluated by ultra-depth 3D microscope and SEM observations, and the cross-sectional profiles of scratches were analyzed using a 3D profilometer. The results showed that much less plowed ridges or plastic upheaval occurred on both sides of the scratched grooves for wood samples than of Al 1060. With respect to cutting with grain, visible fibrils protrusion was found only for African sandalwood that had the lowest porosity among the five wood species. The deformation absorption capacity of wood was verified through microscopic evaluation. In the case of cutting across grain, fiber bundles of high-porosity wood species like balsa wood and black cherry were mainly faced with compressive crush while tensile rupture was the general pattern for low-porosity wood like sugar maple and African sandalwood. Corresponding force analysis for wood-grit interaction was made to account for the detailed material deformation and removal.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almeida G, Hernández RE (2007) Influence of the pore structure of wood on moisture desorption at high relative humidities. Wood Mat Sci Eng 2:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480270701538383
Alves MCdS, Santiago LFF, Gonçalves MTT, Valarelli IDD, Varasquim FMFdA (2015) Effects of belt speed, pressure and grit size on the sanding of Pinus elliottii wood. Cerne 21(1):45–50. https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201521011216
Anderson D, Warkentin A, Bauer R (2011) Experimental and numerical investigations of single abrasive-grain cutting. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 51(12):898–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2011.08.006
Bao X, Ying J, Cheng F, Zhang J, Luo B, Li L, Liu H (2018) Research on neural network model of surface roughness in belt sanding process for Pinus koraiensis. Measurement 115(5):11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.10.013
Belkhir N, Bouzid D, Herold V (2007) Correlation between the surface quality and the abrasive grains wear in optical glass lapping. Tribol Int 40(3):498–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2006.05.001
Da Silva A, Kyriakides S (2007) Compressive response and failure of balsa wood. Int J Solids Struct 44(25–26):8685–8717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2007.07.003
Dai J, Su H, Yu T, Hu H, Zhou W, Ding W (2018) Experimental investigation on materials removal mechanism during grinding silicon carbide ceramics with single diamond grain. Precis Eng 51(1):271–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2017.08.019
de Moura LF, Hernández RE (2005) Evaluation of varnish coating performance for two surfacing methods on sugar maple wood. Wood Fiber Sci J Soc Wood Sci Technol 37(2):355–366
de Moura LF, Hernández RE (2006) Effects of abrasive mineral, grit size and feed speed on the quality of sanded surfaces of sugar maple wood. Wood Sci Technol 40(6):517–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-006-0070-0
Ding W-D, Koubaa A, Chaala A, Belem T, Krause C (2008) Relationship between wood porosity, wood density and methyl methacrylate impregnation rate. Wood Mat Sci Eng 3(1–2):62–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480270802607947
Ding Y, Shi G, Luo X, Shi G, Wang S (2020) Study on the critical negative rake angle of the negative rake angle tool based on the stagnant characteristics in micro-cutting. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 107(5–6):2055–2064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05158-4
Dornfeld DA (1981) Single grit simulation of the abrasive machining of wood. J Eng Ind 103(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3184456
Evans P, Cullis I, Kim J, Leung L, Hazneza S, Heady R (2017) Microstructure and mechanism of grain raising in wood. Coatings 7(9):135. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7090135
Hahn RS (1966) On the mechanics of the grinding process under plunge cut conditions. J Eng Ind 88(1):72–79. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3670895
Hernández RE, Rojas G (2002) Effects of knife jointing and wear on the planed surface quality of sugar maple wood. Wood Fiber Sci J Soc Wood Sci Technol 34(2):293–305
ISO 7619-1 (2010) Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of indentation hardness - Part 1: Durometer method (Shore hardness). International Organization for Standardization
Kitin P, Hermanson JC, Abe H, Nakaba S, Funada R (2021) Light microscopy of wood using sanded surface instead of slides. IAWA J. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10061
Kúdela J, Mrenica L, Javorek L (2018) The influence of milling and sanding on wood surface morphology. Acta Fac Xylologiae Zvolen 60(1):71–83
Luo B, Li L, Liu H, Wang M, Xu M, Xing F (2015) Effects of sanding parameters on sanding force and normal force in sanding wood-based panels. Holzforschung 69(2):241–245. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0012
Meijer Md, Thurich K, Militz H (1998) Comparative study on penetration characteristics of modern wood coatings. Wood Sci Technol 32(5):347–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002260050086
Ohbuchi Y, Obikawa T (2006) Surface generation model in grinding with effect of grain shape and cutting speed. JSME Int J Ser 49(1):114–120. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmec.49.114
Öpöz TT, Chen X (2012) Experimental investigation of material removal mechanism in single grit grinding. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 63:32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2012.07.010
Patnaik Durgumahanti US, Singh V, Venkateswara Rao P (2010) A new model for grinding force prediction and analysis. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 50(3):231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2009.12.004
Plötze M, Niemz P (2011) Porosity and pore size distribution of different wood types as determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Eur J Wood Prod 69(4):649–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0504-0
Rasim M, Mattfeld P, Klocke F (2015) Analysis of the grain shape influence on the chip formation in grinding. J Mater Process Technol 226:60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.06.041
Salca E-A, Krystofiak T, Lis B (2017) Evaluation of selected properties of alder wood as functions of sanding and coating. Coatings 7(10):176. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7100176
Setti D, Kirsch B, Aurich JC (2019) Experimental investigations and kinematic simulation of single grit scratched surfaces considering pile-up behaviour: grinding perspective. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 103(1–4):471–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03522-7
Singh V, Durgumahanti UP, Rao PV, Ghosh S (2011) Specific ploughing energy model using single grit scratch test. IJAT 4(2):156. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJAT.2011.041609
Tian L, Fu Y, Xu J, Li H, Ding W (2015) The influence of speed on material removal mechanism in high speed grinding with single grit. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 89(1):192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2014.11.010
Ugulino B, Hernández RE (2018) Analysis of sanding parameters on surface properties and coating performance of red oak wood. Wood Mat Sci Eng 13(2):64–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2016.1266511
Usta I (2003) Comparative study of wood density by specific amount of void volume (porosity). Turk J Agric for 27(1):1–1
Zhang J, Ying J, Cheng F, Liu H, Luo B, Li L (2018) Investigating the sanding process of medium-density fiberboard and Korean pine for material removal and surface creation. Coatings 8(12):416. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120416
Acknowledgements
This work is financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No. 2021ZY31). The authors are grateful for the support of MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering at Beijing Forestry University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, J., Luo, B., Li, L. et al. Effect of wood porosity on surface creation process by single-grit scratching method. Wood Sci Technol 56, 851–866 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-022-01373-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-022-01373-2