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2D materials in electrochemical sensors for in vitro or in vivo use

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Abstract

Individual cells and cell populations are at the present time investigated with a myriad of analytical tools. While most of them are commercially available, some of these analytical tools are just emerging from research laboratories and are in the developmental phase. Electrochemical sensors which allow the monitoring of low molecular weight compounds released (and / or uptaken) by cells are among these emerging tools. Such sensors are increasingly built using 2D materials (e.g. graphene-based materials, transition metal dichalcogenides, etc.) with the aim of conferring better analytical performances to these devices. The present work critically reviews studies published during the last 10 years describing electrochemical sensors made with 2D materials and exploited to monitor small compounds (e.g. H2O2, ·NO, glucose, etc.) in living biological systems. It also discusses the very few 2D material-based electrochemical sensors which are wearable or usable in vivo. Finally, the present work includes a specific section about 2D material biocompatibility, a fundamental requirement for 2D material-based sensor applications in vitro and in vivo. As such, the review provides a critical view on the state of the art of electrochemical sensors made with 2D materials and used at cellular level and it evaluates the possibility that such sensors will be used on / in the human body on a wider scale.

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Acknowledgements

Financial support from the Romanian Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (through the EuroNanoMed III project nanoLight, Grant Agreement No. 135 from 09/03/2020) and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through the MSCA-COFUND Athenea3i scheme (Grant Agreement No. 754446) is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101, Bucharest, Romania

    Raluca-Elena Munteanu & Szilveszter Gáspár

  2. Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida Fuente Nueva S.N., 18071, Granada, Spain

    Paola Sánchez Moreno & Mattia Bramini

  3. Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, L.go Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy

    Mattia Bramini

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Munteanu, RE., Moreno, P.S., Bramini, M. et al. 2D materials in electrochemical sensors for in vitro or in vivo use. Anal Bioanal Chem 413, 701–725 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02831-1

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