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Exploring nonlinear optical properties of perylene diimide and biomolecules complexes: a computational supramolecular study

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Abstract

This study investigates the supramolecular interactions between perylene diimides (PDI) and nucleotides, specifically adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP). Ten complexes (complex 1 (l-ala-PDI-AMP), complex 2 (B-ala-PDI-AMP), complex 3 (GLY-PDI-AMP), complex 4 (IMI-PDI-AMP), complex 5 (PYR-PDI-AMP, complex 6 (l-ala-PDI-CMP), complex 7 (B-ala-PDI-CMP), complex 8 (GLY-PDI-CMP), complex 9 (IMI-PDI-CMP), and complex 10 (PYR-PDI-CMP), were simulated using the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of DFT method. The study explores NMR, IR, UV, hyperpolarizabilities, frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), density of states (DOS), noncovalent interactions (NCI), iso-surface analysis, atom in molecule (AIM), dipole moment (µ), electron density distribution map (EDDM), transition density matrix (TDM), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), and electron–hole analysis (EHA) using differential functional theory (DFT). The weak bonds formed were visualized using Discovery Studio Visualizer. The electronic properties of the complexes were examined through natural bond orbital (NBO) and natural population analysis (NPA), leading to nonlinear optics (NLO) study. Complex 6 demonstrates the highest NLO activity with γ static of 17,424,700.00, and complex 10 exhibits the weakest NLO activity with second dipole hyperpolarizability (γ static) at 25,116.10. Moreover, global reactivity factors for complexes 1–5 show EA ranging from 6.53 to 7.7, and ionization potential (IP) spans 7.8–8.8. Global hardness values highlight complex 4 as the hardest (η = 0.55) and complex 1 as the softest (η = 0.51). Electronegativity (X) varies from 7.28 to 8.25, with complex 3 being the most electronegative. Chemical potential (μ) ranges from − 7.9 to − 8.25, global softness (σ) identifies complex 1 as the softest (0.2575) and complex 4 as the hardest (0.435). Electrophilicity (ω) ranges from 33.30 to 61.87. Complexes 6–10 show EA from 6.7 to 7.53. IP values range from 8.4 to 8.6, with complexes 7 and 10 highest. Global hardness spans 0.53 to 0.85. X ranges from 7.55 to 8.06, with complex 7 the most electronegative. μ varies from − 7.55 to − 8.06, and complex 7 has the lowest. From σ values, complexes 9 and 10 are the softest. ω ranges from 35.53 to 60.78, with complex 7 the most electrophilic.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21471017) and the Inter- national Collaboration Project of Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant no. G2022184006L). A. Irfan extends his appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding through Large Group Research Project under Grant No. RGP2/63/44. Y. Sandali thanks the University of Jeddah for its technical and financial support under grant no. (UJ-23-DR-248).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Cluster Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China

    Wajid Hussain, Maroof Ahmad Khan & Hui Li

  2. Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX13TA, UK

    Hafiz Saqib Ali

  3. University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Shahid Iqbal

  4. Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan

    Muhammad Rashid Bashir

  5. Government College University Faisalabad, Layyah Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Hanif

  6. Physics Department, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 23890, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Yahya Sandali

  7. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, PO Box 9004, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmad Irfan

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  1. Wajid Hussain
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  9. Hui Li
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Contributions

W.H. wrote the manuscript, and done the simulation. S.I. proof read the manuscript. M.R. helped in making figures. M.M. helped in making scheme. H.S. helped in simulation M.H. corrected the English language specifically. H.L . is the group leader (my supervisor, she will be corresponding author), Y.S. helped me in revision. and A.I. helped me in revision too. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hui Li.

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Hussain, W., Ali, H.S., Iqbal, M.S. et al. Exploring nonlinear optical properties of perylene diimide and biomolecules complexes: a computational supramolecular study. Theor Chem Acc 143, 27 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-024-03098-w

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