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Medicinal herbal remedies in neurodegenerative diseases: an update on antioxidant potential

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Abstract

It has been widely documented that medicinal herbal remedies are effective, have fewer side effects than conventional medicine, and have a synergistic effect on health collaborations in the fight against complicated diseases. Traditional treatments for neurological problems in ancient times sometimes involved the use of herbal remedies and conventional methods from East Asian countries including India, Japan, China, and Korea. We collected and reviewed studies on plant-derived neuroprotective drugs and tested them in neurotoxic models. Basic research, preclinical and clinical transgene research can benefit from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo investigations. Research, summaries of the extracts, fractions, and herbal ingredients were compiled from popular scientific databases, which were then examined according to origin and bioactivity. Given the complex and varied causes of neurodegeneration, it may be beneficial to focus on multiple mechanisms of action and a neuroprotection approach. This approach aims to prevent cell death and restore function to damaged neurons, offering promising strategies for preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative illnesses can potentially be treated with natural compounds that have been identified as neuroprotective agents. To gain deeper insights into the neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective and therapeutic properties of naturally occurring antioxidant phytochemical compounds in diverse neurodegenerative diseases, this study aims to comprehensively review such compounds, focusing on their modulation of apoptotic markers such as caspase, Bax, Bcl-2, and proinflammatory markers. In addition, we delve into a range of efficacies of antioxidant phytochemical compounds as neuroprotective agents in animal models. They reduce the oxidative stress of the brain and have been shown to have anti-apoptotic effects. Many researches have demonstrated that plant extracts or bioactive compounds can fight neurodegenerative disorders. Herbal medications may offer neurodegenerative disease patients’ new treatments. This may be a cheaper and more culturally appropriate alternative to standard drugs for millions of people with age-related NDDs.

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Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Abbreviations

PCD:

Programmed cell death

Fas:

Fatty acid synthetase

mFas:

Membrane fatty acid synthetase

sFas:

Soluble fatty acid synthetase

FasL:

Fatty acid synthetase ligand

FasR:

Fatty acid synthetase receptor

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

TNFR1:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1

TNFR2:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2

APO-1:

Apoptosis antigen 1

DISC:

Death-inducing signaling complex

CD95:

Cluster of differentiation 95

DD:

Death domain

CD4:

Cluster of differentiation 4

Bcl-2:

B cell lymphoma protein 2

TRADD:

TNF receptor–associated death domain

NF-kB:

NF-kappa B

JNK:

C-Jun N-terminal kinase

MOMP:

Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization

SMAC:

Second mitochondrial activator of caspases

DIABLO:

Direct IAP–binding protein with low PI

HtrA2:

High-temperature requirement

AIF:

Apoptosis-inducing factor

CAD:

Caspase-activated DNase

Bcl-10:

B cell lymphoma protein 10

BAX:

BCL2-associated X protein

BAK:

BCL2 antagonist killer 1

BID:

BH3-interacting domain death agonist

BAD:

BCL2 antagonist of cell death

BIM:

BCL2-interacting protein BIM

BIK:

BCL2-interacting killer

BLK:

Bik-like killer protein

Bcl-X:

BCL2 like 1

Bcl-XL:

BCL2-related protein, long isoform

Bcl-XS:

BCL2-related protein, short isoform

Bcl-W:

BCL2 like 2 proteins

BAG:

BCL2-associated athanogene

Puma:

BCL2-binding component 3

Noxa:

Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate–induced protein 1

Caspase-9:

Cysteinyl aspartic acid-protease-9

UPR:

Unfolded protein response

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

IP3R:

1,4,5-Triphosphate receptor

RyR:

Ryanodine receptor

LMP:

Lysosomal membrane permeabilization

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

HD:

Huntington’s disease

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Cyto-C:

Cytochrome C

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

COX-2:

Cycloxygenase-2

IL-1:

Interluekin-1

IL-6:

Interluekin-6

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

AA:

Asiatic acid

MMP:

Mitochondrial matrix metalloproteinase

NLRP3:

NLR family pyrin domain containing 3

GSH:

Glutathione

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

MPTP:

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

CA1:

Cornu ammonis 1

CA3:

Cornu ammonis 3

DA:

Dopamine

FA:

Ferulic acid

CAT:

Catalase

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

6-OHDA:

6-Hydroxydopamine hydrobromide

DRP-1:

Dynamin-related protein 1

PGC1:

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-gamma coactivator

MFN-2:

Mutofusin-2

HSP-70:

70 Kilodalton heat shock proteins

TH:

Thyroxine

TQ:

Thymoquinone

IFN:

Interferon

EA:

Ellagic acid

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

NRF-2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2

CA:

Caffeic acid

CAPE:

Caffeine phenethyl ester

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

AKT:

Protein kinase B

AIF:

Apoptosis-inducing factor

MAO-B:

Monoamine oxidase B

EGCG:

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate

PQ:

Paraquat

Caspase-3:

Cysteinyl aspartic acid-protease-3

NDD:

Neurodegenerative disorders

PERK:

Protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase

CHOP:

C/EBP homologous protein

TF:

Theaflavin

GBE:

Gingko biloba leaf extract

ERK1/2:

Extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase

SF:

Sodium ferulate

Aβ:

Amyloid beta

SIRT1:

Sirtuin 1

STZ:

Streptozocin

TLR4:

Toll-like receptor 4

BIM:

Bcl-2-like protein 11

GADD45:

Growth arrest and DNA damage–inducible 45 proteins

CA:

Centella asiatica

CB:

Cannabinoid

9-THC:

(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol

CBD:

Cannabidiol

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Institute for providing excellent support to complete this work.

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  1. Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, 144603, Punjab, India

    Biplob Sarkar, Nitasha Rana & Arti Singh

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras Campus, Distt. Tehri Garhwal, Srinagar, 249161, Uttarakhand, India

    Charan Singh

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BS: writing original draft and preparation of figures; NR—helped in writing manuscript and referencing; CS—critically review and editing; AS: conceptualization, supervision, critical review, and editing. The authors confirm that no paper mill and artificial intelligence was used.

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Sarkar, B., Rana, N., Singh, C. et al. Medicinal herbal remedies in neurodegenerative diseases: an update on antioxidant potential. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03027-5

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