Abstract
Guilandina bonduc L. is popularly known as a fever nut that grows widely in evergreen forests and moist deciduous forests with a pantropical distribution. The plant is highly therapeutic in various systems of medicine, including Ayurveda, Siddha, and homeopathy. The purpose of this review is to analyze the published data on G. bonduc, including traditional uses, taxonomic position, botanical description, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and toxicological assessment of its various parts. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies were the main focus of this review. The previously published research on G. bonduc was tracked from scientific databases such as Online Library, Google, Taylor and Francis, PubMed, Research Gate, Scopus, Springer, Wiley, Web of Sciences. Numerous phytochemical, pharmaceutical, and pharmacological studies have been carried out on the various parts of G. bonduc. To date, more than 97 phytochemicals have been isolated from the leaves, roots, stems, stem bark, flowers, twigs, and seeds of this plant. The phytochemicals isolated from the plants are flavonoids, homoisoflavonoids, terpenoids, diterpenoids, steroids, fatty acids, alkanes, acids, phenols, ketones, esters, amides, azides, silanes, and ether groups. This plant has been extensively studied in in vitro and in vivo pharmacological experiments, where it showed analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antidiabetic, abortive, anticataleptic, immunomodulatory, and antiestrogenic effects. This comprehensive review revealed that phytochemicals isolated from various parts of G. bonduc have significant therapeutic efficacy, with promising anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. This review provides a good source of information for the development of a drug using modern scientific tools, in view of its underexplored traditional uses. Further studies on preclinical and clinical trials and toxicological studies on the bioactive molecules of G. bonduc to validate its traditional uses are warranted.
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All data generated or analyzed during this study are encompassed in this published article.
Abbreviations
- Bcl-2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2
- BUN:
-
Blood urea nitrogen
- COVID-19:
-
Coronavirus disease
- DPPH:
-
2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl
- EAT:
-
Ehrlich ascites tumor
- HDL:
-
High-density lipoprotein
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- IC50:
-
The half-maximal inhibitory concentration
- INR:
-
Indian rupee
- LDL:
-
Low-density lipoprotein
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa B
- PCOS:
-
Polycystic ovary syndrome
- PPBG:
-
Postprandial blood glucose
- SARS CoV-2:
-
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
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We would like to express our gratitude to all of the authors who generously offered additional material and thorough data in their research for this systematic review.
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PS: project administration, conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, results interpretation, writing — review and editing. KK: literature search, study screening, study selection, data extraction and formal analysis. AM: supervision, project administration, conceptualization, investigation, validation, results interpretation, writing — review and editing. AS: literature search, study screening, data extraction, writing-review. SK: conceptualization, formal analysis, results interpretation, writing — review and editing. MT: conceptualization, validation, results interpretation. SP: conceptualization, investigation, validation and results interpretation. PN: data study selection, data curation and software. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript for submission. The authors confirm that no paper mill and artificial intelligence was used.
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Srinivasan, P., Karunanithi, K., Muniappan, A. et al. Botany, traditional usages, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Guilandina bonduc L.: a systematic review. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02822-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02822-w