Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key aspects of the natural metabolite production by endophytic fungi, which has attracted significant attention due to its diverse biological activities and wide range of applications. Synthesized by various fungal species, these metabolites encompass compounds with therapeutic, agricultural, and commercial significance. We delved into strategies and advancements aimed at optimizing fungal metabolite production. Fungal cultivation, especially by Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium, plays a pivotal role in metabolite biosynthesis, and researchers have explored both submerged and solid-state cultivation processes to harness the full potential of fungal species. Nutrient optimization, pH, and temperature control are critical factors in ensuring high yields of the targeted bioactive metabolites especially for scaling up processes. Analytical methods that includes High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS), Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Mass Spectrometry (MS), are indispensable for the identification and quantification of the compounds. Moreover, genetic engineering and metabolic pathway manipulation have emerged as powerful tools to enhance metabolite production and develop novel fungal strains with increased yields. Regulation and control mechanisms at the genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic levels are explored to fine-tune the biosynthesis of fungal metabolites. Ongoing research aims to overcome the complexity of the steps involved to ensure the efficient production and utilization of fungal metabolites.
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Source: J.B.A.R. (author)
Source: J.B.A.R. (author)
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Andrei Stecca Steindorff and M.Sc. Leila Lorenço Furtado for their excellent advice during the preparation of this work. We are grateful to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel—Brazil (CAPES)—Financing Code 001, and University of Brasília DPG Nº 0010/2023.
Funding
This study was sponsored by grants from the Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Funding code 001, and University of Brasília DPG Nº 0010/2023.
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All authors contributed to the preparation of the work. Jefferson Brendon Almeida dos Reis conceived the idea for the manuscript. The first version of the manuscript and all the figures were prepared by Jefferson Brendon Almeida dos Reis. Patrícia Cardoso Cortelo and Adriana Sturion Lorenzi read the first version and commented. Helson Mario Martins do Vale and Danilo Batista Pinho read subsequent versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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dos Reis, J.B.A., Lorenzi, A.S., Pinho, D.B. et al. The hidden treasures in endophytic fungi: a comprehensive review on the diversity of fungal bioactive metabolites, usual analytical methodologies, and applications. Arch Microbiol 206, 185 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-024-03911-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-024-03911-x