Abstract
Producing recombinant proteins is a major accomplishment of biotechnology in the past century. Heterologous hosts, either eukaryotic or prokaryotic, are used for the production of these proteins. The utilization of microbial host systems continues to dominate as the most efficient and affordable method for biotherapeutics and food industry productions. Hence, it is crucial to analyze the limitations and advantages of microbial hosts to enhance the efficient production of recombinant proteins on a large scale. E. coli is widely used as a host for the production of recombinant proteins. Researchers have identified certain obstacles with this host, and given the growing demand for recombinant protein production, there is an immediate requirement to enhance this host. The following review discusses the elements contributing to the manifestation of recombinant protein. Subsequently, it sheds light on innovative approaches aimed at improving the expression of recombinant protein. Lastly, it delves into the obstacles and optimization methods associated with translation, mentioning both cis-optimization and trans-optimization, producing soluble recombinant protein, and engineering the metal ion transportation. In this context, a comprehensive description of the distinct features will be provided, and this knowledge could potentially enhance the expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli
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Abbreviations
- RP:
-
Recombinant protein
- E. coli :
-
Escherichia coli
- IB:
-
Inclusion body
- mRNA:
-
Messenger RNA
- POI:
-
Protein of interest
- MBP:
-
Maltose-binding protein
- GST:
-
Glutathione s-transferase
- EST:
-
Elastin-like polypeptide
- CspB:
-
Surface protein B
- AMPs:
-
Specific antimicrobial peptides
- tRNA:
-
Transfer RNA
- DsbC:
-
Disulfide bond isomerase
- DsbA:
-
Disulfide bond oxidase
- IPTG:
-
Isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside
- PTS:
-
Phosphotransferase system
- eGFP:
-
Enhance GFP
- CSR:
-
Cellular stress response
- nnAA:
-
Non-canonical amino acids
- UTR:
-
Untranslated region
- SAM:
-
S-adenosylmethionine
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The authors would like to thank the members of the Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center (EMTech) for the constructive comments and help in the completion of this manuscript.
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This project was supported by the Prototype Research Grant Scheme (PRGS) from the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) Malaysia PRGS/1/2021/STG02/UPM/02/2 which was awarded to the last author (SNO).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Azadeh Eskandari, Nima Ghahremani Nezhad, Thean Chor Leow, Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman, and Siti Nurbaya Oslan. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Azadeh Eskandari and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Eskandari, A., Nezhad, N.G., Leow, T.C. et al. Essential factors, advanced strategies, challenges, and approaches involved for efficient expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 206, 152 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-024-03871-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-024-03871-2