Abstract
Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella species is well reported. Ciprofloxacin is the frontline antibiotic for salmonellosis. The repeated exposure to ciprofloxacin leads to resistant strains. After 20 cycles of antibiotic exposure, resistant bacterial clones were evaluated. The colony size of the mutants was small and had an extended lag phase compared to parent strain. The whole genome sequencing showed 40,513 mutations across the genome. Small percentage (5.2%) of mutations was non-synonymous. Four-fold more transitions were observed than transversions. Ratio of < 1 transition vs transversion showed a positive selection for antibiotic resistant trait. Mutation distribution across the genome was uniform. The native plasmid was an exception and 2 mutations were observed on 90 kb plasmid. The important genes like dnaE, gyrA, iroC, metH and rpoB involved in antibiotic resistance had point mutations. The genome analysis revealed most of the metabolic pathways were affected.
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The microbial culture is available with the corresponding author on request. The raw data of genome sequencing are available with GenBank with below mentioned accession numbers. Wild type S. Typhimurium and plasmid: local id: 1 and 2; Accession no. CP074092 and CP074093. Clone A and plasmid: local id SO_8752_A_cip & A_cip; Accession no. CP074094 and CP074095. Clone B and plasmid: local id SO_8752_Cip_2B and B_cip_Plasmid; Accession no. CP074096 and CP074097. Clone C and plasmid SO_8752_C_Cip and C_cip_Plasmid; Accession no CP074098 and CP074099.
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Authors acknowledge technical help provided by Mrs. Vaishali Mahale.
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ASK: methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing-original draft. AD: bioinformatic analysis, validation, reviewing and editing. RS: conceptualization, project administration, reviewing and editing of final draft.
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Kakatkar, A.S., Das, A. & Shashidhar, R. Ciprofloxacin induced antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium mutants and genome analysis. Arch Microbiol 203, 6131–6142 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02577-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02577-z