Abstract
In ground-based global positioning system (GPS) meteorology, atmospheric weighted mean temperature, \(T_\mathrm{m}\), plays a very important role in the progress of retrieving precipitable water vapor (PWV) from the zenith wet delay of the GPS. Generally, most of the existing \(T_\mathrm{m} \) models only take either latitude or altitude into account in modeling. However, a great number of studies have shown that \(T_\mathrm{m} \) is highly correlated with both latitude and altitude. In this study, a new global grid empirical \(T_\mathrm{m} \) model, named as GGTm, was established by a sliding window algorithm using global gridded \(T_\mathrm{m} \) data over an 8-year period from 2007 to 2014 provided by TU Vienna, where both latitude and altitude variations are considered in modeling. And the performance of GGTm was assessed by comparing with the Bevis formula and the GPT2w model, where the high-precision global gridded \(T_\mathrm{m} \) data as provided by TU Vienna and the radiosonde data from 2015 are used as reference values. The results show the significant performance of the new GGTm model against other models when compared with gridded \(T_\mathrm{m} \) data and radiosonde data, especially in the areas with great undulating terrain. Additionally, GGTm has the global mean \(\hbox {RMS}_{\mathrm{PWV}} \) and \(\hbox {RMS}_{\mathrm{PWV}} /\hbox {PWV}\) values of 0.26 mm and 1.28%, respectively. The GGTm model, fed only by the day of the year and the station coordinates, could provide a reliable and accurate \(T_\mathrm{m} \) value, which shows the possible potential application in real-time GPS meteorology, especially for the application of low-latitude areas and western China.
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Abbreviations
- GGOS:
-
Global geodetic observing system
- GPS:
-
Global positioning system
- GNSS:
-
Global navigation satellite system
- GGTm:
-
Global grid \(T_\mathrm{m} \) model
- GPT:
-
Global pressure and temperature
- GPT2w:
-
Global pressure and temperature 2 wet
- ECMWF:
-
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
- NCEP:
-
National Centers for Environmental Prediction
- PWV:
-
Precipitable water vapor
- ZTD:
-
Zenith total delay
- ZWD:
-
Zenith wet delay
- ZHD:
-
Zenith hydrostatic delay
- RMS:
-
Root mean square
- IGS:
-
International GNSS Service
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Acknowledgements
This work was sponsored by the National Natural Foundation of China (41704027; 41664002); Guangxi Natural Science Foundation of China (2017GXNSFBA198139; 2017GXNSFDA198016); the Program for Changjiang Scholars of the Ministry of Education of China; the “Ba Gui Scholars” program of the provincial government of Guangxi; and the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics (16-380-25-01; 15-140-07-19). The authors would like to thank the TU Vienna for providing global gridded data and the University of Wyoming for providing radiosonde profiles.
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Huang, L., Jiang, W., Liu, L. et al. A new global grid model for the determination of atmospheric weighted mean temperature in GPS precipitable water vapor. J Geod 93, 159–176 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-018-1148-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-018-1148-9