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Dynamic recrystallization mechanism, grain structure evolution, and mechanical behavior in friction stir welding of galvanized steel at different cooling rates

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Abstract

Friction stir welding (FSW) of galvanized steel offers unique advantages as it can avoid the extensive metallurgical problems associated with fusion welding. However, conventional FSW still leads to a higher temperature in the stir zone, which deteriorates the microstructure. To obtain a satisfactory weld, the welded joints of galvanized steel were created by FSW with different cooling rates employing a W–Re rotary tool with a large-diameter needle. The correlation between the microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of joints at different cooling rates was systematically studied. The results demonstrate that the rapid cooling rate favors the refinement of ferrite and diffuse distribution of Fe3C. In addition, weakening of the texture and dispersion of dislocations were also observed after fast cooling FSW. It can be concluded that the microstructural evolution mechanism of the stirring zone (SZ) is continuous dynamic recrystallization at a slow cooling rate, while the microstructure has discontinuous dynamic recrystallization as the primary evolution mechanism at a fast cooling rate. Based on these advantages, the tensile specimens with fast cooling FSW obtained a synergistic improvement in strength-ductility, even surpassing the base material. This work provides new ideas for welding galvanized steel.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Technology Research Institute of Nanjing Chenguang Group Co., Ltd. for its great help and the Analysis and Test Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics for providing the SEM analysis technology.

Funding

Financial support was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52275217).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Jiangjun Road, Nanjing, 210016, People’s Republic of China

    Tao Sun, Jianhui Wu, Guoqiang Huang & Yifu Shen

  2. Nantong Institute of Technology, 211 Yongxing Road, Nantong, 226002, People’s Republic of China

    Zhihui Yang

  3. Engineering Training Center, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Jiangjun Road, Nanjing, 210016, People’s Republic of China

    Wang Ge

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  1. Tao Sun
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  2. Jianhui Wu
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  4. Wang Ge
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  5. Guoqiang Huang
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Contributions

Tao Sun: investigation, conceptualization, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. Jianhui Wu: investigation, formal analysis. Zhihui Yang: investigation. Wang Ge: formal analysis. Guoqiang Huang: investigation, formal analysis. Yifu Shen: supervision, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Guoqiang Huang or Yifu Shen.

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Sun, T., Wu, J., Yang, Z. et al. Dynamic recrystallization mechanism, grain structure evolution, and mechanical behavior in friction stir welding of galvanized steel at different cooling rates. Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13573-0

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