Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mechanical characterization of innovative 3D-printed auxetic (NPR) structures: role of considering anisotropy on accuracy of numerical modeling

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Owing to being lightweight and offering excellent properties, the auxetic structures characterized by negative Poisson’s ratio are gaining growing interest from academia and industry. In view of the complex nature of these structures, 3D printing owing to offering shape flexibility is gaining increasing attention as a preferred fabrication process. Each cell in these structures consists of multiple ribs printed with different orientations thereby likely to show mechanical anisotropy when loaded. To accurately model their mechanical behavior and thus to reliably assess their performance through numerical modeling, anisotropy should be taken into account. This subject has been merely addressed in numerical modeling of printed auxetic structures, especially for those fabricated through fused deposition modeling (FDM), a 3D printing technique. The present study, therefore, addresses this subject. The ABS polymer is employed as the experimental material. For numerical modeling, the necessary material constants are determined by following the standard printing and testing practices. A variety of auxetic structures are designed and their mechanical behaviors are studied numerically as well as experimentally. The analysis shows that the anisotropic model yields fairly accurate results comparable to the experimental ones, while the isotropic model suffers from an error of 26%. The presented study is the first of its nature and is believed to act as a guideline for accurately assessing the mechanical performance of auxetic structures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All the data relevant to the publication has been included in the manuscript.

Code availability

There is no associated code with this publication.

References

  1. Lvov VA, Senatov FS, Korsunsky AM, Salimon AI (2020) Design and mechanical properties of 3D-printed auxetic honeycomb structure. Mater Today Commun 24:101173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Evans KE, Alderson K (2000) Auxetic materials: the positive side of being negative. Eng Sci Educ J 9:148–154. https://doi.org/10.1049/esej:20000402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Gebler, A. J. M. Schoot Uiterkamp, and C. Visser 2014 A global sustainability perspective on 3D printing technologies.in Energy Policy. 74 pp. 158-167. [Online]. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:enepol:v:74:y:2014:i:c:p:158-167

  4. Vukasovic T, Vivanco JF, Celentano D, García-Herrera C (2019) Characterization of the mechanical response of thermoplastic parts fabricated with 3D printing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol:104, 4207–4218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04194-z

  5. Richter C, Lipson H (2011) Untethered hovering flapping flight of a 3D-printed mechanical insect. Artificial life 17:73–86. https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Wang T, Li Z, Wang L, Hulbert GM (2020) Crashworthiness analysis and collaborative optimization design for a novel crash-box with re-entrant auxetic core. Struct Multidiscip Optim 62:2167–2179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-020-02568-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Mironov V, Boland T, Trusk T, Forgacs G, Markwald RR (2003) Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 21:157–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00033-7

  8. Chen CP, Lakes RS (1996) Micromechanical analysis of dynamic behavior of conventional and negative Poisson’s ratio foams. J Eng Mater Technol 118(3):285–288. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2806807

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Najafi M, Ahmadi H, Liaghat G (2022) Evaluation of the mechanical properties of fully integrated 3D printed polymeric sandwich structures with auxetic cores: experimental and numerical assessment.in. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 122:4079–4098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10147-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Mir M, Ali MN, Sami J, Ansari U (2014) Review of mechanic and applications of auxetic structures. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/753496

  11. Gibson I et al (2021) Additive manufacturing technologies. Springer Cham, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56127-7

  12. Wei L, Xu S, Zhu G, Zhao X, Shi P (2023) In-plane compression behavior of a novel 3D auxetic honeycomb. Mater Today Commun 35:105729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Chua CK, Leong KF, Lim CS (2010) Rapid prototyping: principles and applications (with companion CD-ROM). World Scientific Publishing Company

    Book  Google Scholar 

  14. Cano-Vicent A et al (2021) Fused deposition modelling: current status, methodology, applications and future prospects. Addit Manuf 47:102378

    Google Scholar 

  15. Somireddy M, Czekanski A (2020) Anisotropic material behavior of 3D printed composite structures – material extrusion additive manufacturing. Mater Des 195:108953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Li S et al (2022) Optimal and adaptive lattice design considering process-induced material anisotropy and geometric inaccuracy for additive manufacturing. Struct Multidiscip Optim 65:35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-021-03153-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Pereira H (2007) Chapter 2 - The structure of cork. In: Cork. Elsevier Science B.V, pp 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452967-1/50004-2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Cole DP, Riddick JC, Iftekhar Jaim H, Strawhecker KE, Zander NE (2016) Interfacial mechanical behavior of 3D printed ABS. J Appl Polym Sci 10:133(30). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43671

  19. Zou R et al (2016) Isotropic and anisotropic elasticity and yielding of 3D printed material. Compos Part B Eng 99:506–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ahn SH, Montero M, Odell D, Roundy S, Wright PK (2002) Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS. Rapid Prototyp J 8:248–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Rodríguez JF, Thomas JP, Renaud JE (2001) Mechanical behavior of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) fused deposition materials. Experimental investigation. Rapid Prototyping J MCB UP Ltd 7:148–158. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540110395547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Tronvoll SA, Vedvik NP, Elverum CW, Welo T (2019) A new method for assessing anisotropy in fused deposition modeled parts using computed tomography data. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 105:47–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04081-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Das SC, Ranganathan R, Murugan N (2018) Effect of build orientation on the strength and cost of PolyJet 3D printed parts. Rapid Prototyping J 24(5):832–839. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-08-2016-0137

  24. Ambrosio D, Gabrion X, Malecot P, Amiot F, Thibaud S (2020) Influence of manufacturing parameters on the mechanical properties of projection stereolithography–manufactured specimens.in. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 106:265–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Baker AM et al (2017) Measurement and modelling of thermal and mechanical anisotropy of parts additively manufactured using fused deposition modelling (FDM). 11th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring. https://doi.org/10.12783/shm2017/13917

  26. Guessasma S, Belhabib S, Nouri H, Hassana OB (2016) Anisotropic damage inferred to 3D printed polymers using fused deposition modelling and subject to severe compression.in. Eur Polym J 85:324–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Torre R, Brischetto S (2022) Experimental characterization and finite element validation of orthotropic 3D-printed polymeric parts. Int J Mech Sci 219:107095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Gohar S, Hussain G, Ilyas M, Ali A (2021) Performance of 3D printed topologically optimized novel auxetic structures under compressive loading: experimental and FE analyses. J Mater Res Technol 1(15):394–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.07.149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Coogan TJ, Kazmer DO (2017) Bond and part strength in fused deposition modeling. Rapid Prototyp J Emerald Publishing Limited 23:414–422. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2016-0050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Dizon JRC, Espera AH, Chen Q, Advincula RC (2018) Mechanical characterization of 3D-printed polymers. Addit Manuf:20, 44–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.002

  31. Kuo YM, Lin HH, Wang CN, Liao CI (2007) Estimating the elastic modulus through the thickness direction of a uni-direction lamina which possesses transverse isotropic property. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. - J REINF PLAST COMPOSITE 26:1671–1679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684407081450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Li T, Chen Y, Hu X, Li Y, Wang L (2018) Exploiting negative Poisson’s ratio to design 3D-printed composites with enhanced mechanical properties. Mater Des 142:247–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Li T, Wang L (2017) Bending behavior of sandwich composite structures with tunable 3D-printed core materials. Compos Struct 175:46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was financially supported by the Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology through research funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology, Topi, 23640, Pakistan

    Babar Ashfaq & Muhammad Bilal Khan

  2. Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Isa Town, 32038, Bahrain

    Ghulam Hussain

  3. Advance engineered products group, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

    Muhammad Ilyas

Authors
  1. Babar Ashfaq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ghulam Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad Bilal Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Ilyas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Babar Ashfaq: methodology, experimental work, investigation, writing original draft and software (gme2037@giki.edu.pk); Ghulam Hussain: research supervision, research idea and plan, structure design and writing paper (ghussain@uob.edu.bh); M. Bilal Khan: review and editing (m.bilalkhan@giki.edu.pk); M. Ilyas: finite element modeling (milyas@aepl.ca).

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ghulam Hussain.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

This manuscript represents the original research work of the authors, has not been previously published, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. Furthermore, the authors declare that there are no ethical issues associated with this article.

Consent to participate

All authors have read and approved the manuscript before its submission.

Consent for publication

The authors have given their consent for the publication of this manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ashfaq, B., Hussain, G., Khan, M.B. et al. Mechanical characterization of innovative 3D-printed auxetic (NPR) structures: role of considering anisotropy on accuracy of numerical modeling. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 130, 4845–4859 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-12991-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-12991-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation