Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

High-cycle tension-tension fatigue performance of additively manufactured 17–4 PH stainless steel

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This work focuses on high-cycle fatigue and quasi-static tensile performance of additively manufactured and wrought 17–4 stainless steel. Test specimens were manufactured using a Markforged Metal X printer via the atomic diffusion additive manufacturing process or machined from commercial stock. High-cycle fatigue testing showed that wrought specimens could sustain higher loads at 106 cycles (565 MPa) as compared to additively manufactured specimens with solid infill (216 MPa) and triangular infill (136 MPa). The mass-normalized fatigue responses of the additively manufactured specimens were similar when comparing in-fill type while wrought specimens performed roughly 50% better across the range from 104 to 3.5 × 107 cycles.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data referenced in our manuscript will not be deposited.

Code availability

Any code referenced in our manuscript will not be deposited.

References

  1. Beretta S, Romano S (2017) A comparison of fatigue strength sensitivity to defects for materials manufactured by AM or traditional processes. Int J Fatigue 94:178–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Flodberg G, Pettersson H, Yang L (2018) Pore analysis and mechanical performance of selective laser sintered objects. Addit Manuf 24:307–315

    Google Scholar 

  3. Gatto A, Bassoli E, Denti L (2018) Repercussions of powder contamination on the fatigue life of additive manufactured maraging steel. Addit Manuf 24:13–19

    Google Scholar 

  4. Shamsaei N, Yadollahi A, Bian L, Thompson SN (2015) An overview of direct laser deposition for additive manufacturing; part II: mechanical behavior, process parameter optimization and control. Addit Manuf 8:12–35

    Google Scholar 

  5. Haghdadi N, Laleh M, Moyle M, Primig S (2021) Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges. J Mater Sci 56:64–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Mahmoudi M, Elwany A, Yadollahi A, Thompson SM, Bian L, Shamsaei N (2017) Mechanical properties and microcharacterization of selective laser melted 17–4PH stainless steel. Rapid Prototyp J 23(2):280–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Agrawal P, Haridas RS, Thapliyal S, Yadav S, Mishra RS, McWilliams VA, Cho KC (2021) Metastable high entropy alloys: an excellent defect tolerant material for additive manufacturing. Mater Sci Eng A 826:142005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Shu Y, Galles D, Tertuiliano OA, McWilliams BA, Yang N, Cai W, Lew AJ (2021) A critical look at the prediction of the temperature field around a laser-induced melt pool on metallic substrates. Sci Rep 11(1):1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Vandresse N, Richter A, Nuno N, Bocher P (2018) Measurement of deformation heterogeneities in additively manufactured lattice materials by digital image correlation: strain maps analysis and reliability assessment. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 86:397–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Takezawa A, Koizumi Y, Kobashi M (2017) High-stiffness and strength porous maraging steel via topology optimization and selective laser melting. Addit Manuf 18:194–202

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hedayati R, Hosseini-Toudeshky H, Sadighi M, Mohammadi-Aghdam M, Zadpoor AA (2016) Computational prediction of the fatigue behavior of additively manufactured porous metallic biomaterials. Int J Fatigue 84:67–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Walker KF, Liu Q, Brandt M (2017) Evaluation of fatigue crack propagation behavior in Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by selective laser melting. Int J Fatigue 104:302–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hedayati R, Hosseini-Toudeshky H, Sadighi M, Mohammadi-Aghdam M, Zadpoor AA (2018) Multiscale modeling of fatigue crack propagation in additively manufactured porous biomaterials. Int J Fatigue 113:416–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Henry TC, Phillips FR, Cole DP, Garboczi E, Haynes RA, Johnson T (2020) In situ fatigue monitoring investigation of additively manufactured maraging steel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 107:3499–3510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kirka MM, Greely DA, Hawkins C, Dehoff RR (2017) Effect of anisotropy and texture on the low cycle fatigue behavior of Inconel 718 processed via electron beam melting. Int J Fatigue 105:235–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lawrence BD, Coatney MD, Phillips F et al (2022) Evaluation of the mechanical properties and performance cost of additively manufactured continuous glass and carbon fiber composites. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 120:1135–1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-08879-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Jones R, Kovarik O, Bagherifard S, Cizek J, Lang J (2021) Damage tolerance assessment of AM 304L and cold spray fabricated 316L steels and its implications for attritable aircraft. Eng Fract Mech 254:107916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Croccolo D, De Agostinis M, Fini S, Olmi G, Robusto F, Kostic SC, Vranic A, Bogojevic N (2018) Fatigue response of as-built DMLS maraging steel and effects of aging, machining, and peening treatments. Metals 8:505–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Suryawanshi J, Parshanth KG, Ramamurty U (2017) Tensile, fracture, and fatigue crack growth properties of a 3D printed maraging steel through selective laser melting. J Alloy Compd 725:355–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Maccioni L, Fraccaroli L, Borgianni Y, Concli F (2021) High-cycle-fatigue characterization of an additive manufacturing 17–4 PH stainless steel. Key Eng Mater 877:49–54. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.877.49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Henry TC, Morales MA, Cole DP, Shumeyko CM, Riddick JC (2021) Mechanical behavior of 17–4 PH stainless steel processed by atomic diffusion additive manufacturing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 114(7):2103–2114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lewandowski JL, Mohsen S (2016) Metal additive manufacturing: a review of mechanical properties. Annu Rev Mater Res 46:151–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Gao X, Tao C, Wu S, Chen B, Wu S (2022) X-ray imaging of defect population and the effect on high cycle fatigue life of laser additive manufactured Ti6Al4V alloys. Int J Fatigue 162:106979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Edwards P, Ramulu M (2014) Fatigue performance evaluation of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V. Mater Sci Eng A 598:327–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Carneiro L, Jalalahmadi B, Ashtekar A, Jiang Y (2019) Cyclic deformation and fatigue behavior of additively manufactured 17–4 PH stainless steel. Int J Fatigue 123:22–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lee S, Pegues JW, Shamsaei N (2020) Fatigue behavior and modeling for additive manufacturing 304L stainless steel: the effect of surface roughness. Int J Fatigue 141:105856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Nezhadfar PD, Burford E, Anderson-Wedge K, Zhang B, Shao S, Daniewicz SR, Shamsaei N (2019) Fatigue crack growth behavior of additively manufactured 17–4 PH stainless steel: effects of build orientation and microstructure. Int J Fatigue 123:168–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Gonzalez-Gutierrez J, Cano S, Schuschnigg S, Kukla C, Sapkota J, Holzer C (2018) Additive Manufacturing of metallic and ceramic components by the material extrusion of highly-filled polymers: a review and future perspectives. Materials 11(840):1–36

    Google Scholar 

  29. Wu G, Langrana NA, Rangarajan S, McCuiston R, Sadanji R, Danforth S (2002) Solid freeform fabrication of metal components using fused deposition of metals. Mater Des 23(1):775–782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Galati M, Minetola P (2019) Analysis of density, roughness, and accuracy of the atomic diffusion additive manufacturing (ADAM) process for metal parts. Materials 12(24):1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Iacopo B, Valerio DP, Tommaso M, Massimiliano P, Alessio V (2022) Environmental impacts assessment of bound metal deposition 3D printing process for stainless steel. Procedia CIRP 150:386–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kedziora S, Decker T, Museyibov E, Morbach J, Hohmann S, Huwer A, Wahl M (2022) Strength properties of 316L and 17–4 PH stainless steel produced with additive manufacturing. Materials 15:1–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Watson A, Belding J, Ellis B. Characterization of 17-4 PH processed via bound metal deposition (BMD).TMS 2020 149th Annual Meeting & Exhibition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_19

  34. Suwanpreecha C, Manonukul A (2022) On the build orientation effect in as-printed and as-sintered bending properties of 17–4 PH alloy fabricated by metal fused filament fabrication. Rapid Prototyp J 28(6):1076–1085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Bjørheim F, La Torraca Lopez IM (2021) Tension testing of additively manufactured specimens of 17–4 PH processed by Bound Metal Deposition. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 1201(1):012037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Yadollahi A, Shamsaei N, Thompson SM, Elwany A, Bian L (2017) Effects of building orientation and heat treatment on fatigue behavior of selective laser melted 17–4 PH stainless steel. Int J Fatigue 94:218–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Yadollahi A, Shamsaei N (2017) Additive manufacturing of fatigue resistant materials: Challenges and opportunities. Int J Fatigue 98:14–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Singh G, Missiaen JM, Bouvard D, Chaix JM (2021) Additive manufacturing of 17–4 PH steel using metal injection molding feedstock: analysis of 3D extrusion printing, debinding and sintering. Addit Manuf 47:102287

    Google Scholar 

  39. Pellegrini A, Palmieri ME, Guerra MG (2022) Evaluation of anisotropic mechanical behavior of 316L parts realized by metal fused filament fabrication using digital image correlation. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 120(12):7951–7965

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

Bradley D. Lawrence: investigation, formal analysis, visualization, writing—original draft.

Todd C. Henry: conceptualization, visualization, formal analysis, resources, supervision, writing—original draft.

Francis Phillips: visualization, formal analysis, writing—original draft.

Andelle Kudzal: investigation, visualization, writing—original draft.

Jaret Riddick: Conceptualization, resources, supervision, writing—original draft.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bradley D. Lawrence.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

The authors have no ethics approval statements to provide.

Consent to participate

The authors give their consent for participation in this journal.

Consent for publication

The authors give their consent for publication in this journal.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lawrence, B.D., Henry, T.C., Phillips, F. et al. High-cycle tension-tension fatigue performance of additively manufactured 17–4 PH stainless steel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 126, 777–786 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11146-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11146-1

Keywords

Navigation