Abstract
Accurate tool condition monitoring (TCM) is essential for the development of fully automated milling processes. However, while considerable research has been conducted in industrial and academic settings, the complexity of milling processes continues to complicate the implementation of TCM. This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art methods employed for conducting TCM in milling processes. The review includes three key components: (1) sensors, (2) feature extraction, and (3) monitoring models for the categorization of cutting tool states in the decision-making process. In addition, the primary strengths and weaknesses of current practices are presented for these three components. Finally, this paper concludes with a list of recommendations for future research.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Javed K, Gouriveau R, Li X, Zerhouni N (2016) Tool wear monitoring and prognostics challenges: a comparison of connectionist methods toward an adaptive ensemble model. J Intell Manuf 30(4):1–18
Vetrichelvan G, Sundaram S, Kumaran S, Velmurugan P (2014) An investigation of tool wear using acoustic emission and genetic algorithm. J Vib Control 21(15):3061–3066
Bhattacharyya P, Sengupta D, Mukhopadhyay S (2007) Cutting force-based real-time estimation of tool wear in face milling using a combination of signal processing techniques. Mech Syst Signal Process 21(6):2665–2683
Liu C, Wang G, Li Z (2015) Incremental learning for online tool condition monitoring using ellipsoid ARTMAP network model. App Soft Comput 35:186–198
Aliustaoglu C, Ertunc H, Ocak H (2009) Tool wear condition monitoring using a sensor fusion model based on fuzzy inference system. Mech Syst Signal Process 23(2):539–546
Konstantinos S, Athanasios K (2014) Reliability assessment of cutting tool life based on surrogate approximation methods. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 71(5–8):1197–1208
Karandikar J, Mcleay T, Turner S, Schmitz T (2015) Tool wear monitoring using naïve bayes classifiers. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 77(9–12):1613–1626
Rehorn A, Jiang J, Orban P (2005) State-of-the-art methods and results in tool condition monitoring: a review. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 26(7–8):693–710
Dutta S, Kanwat A, Pal S, Sen R (2013) Correlation study of tool flank wear with machined surface texture in end milling. Measurement 46(10):4249–4260
Ghosh N, Ravi Y, Patra A, Mukhopadhyay S, Paul S, Mohanty A (2007) Estimation of tool wear during CNC milling using neural network-based sensor fusion. Mech Syst Signal Process 21(1):466–479
Drouillet C, Karandikar J, Nath C, Journeaux A, Mansori M, Kurfess T (2016) Tool life predictions in milling using spindle power with the neural network technique. J Manuf Process 22:161–168
Madhusudana C, Kumar H, Narendranath S (2017) Face milling tool condition monitoring using sound signal. Int J Syst Assu Eng Manag 4:1–11
Kim S, Lee C, Lee D, Kim J, Jung Y (2001) Evaluation of the thermal characteristics in high-speed ball-end milling. J Mate Processing Technol 113(1):406–409
Nouri M, Fussell B, Ziniti B, Linder E (2015) Real-time tool wear monitoring in milling using a cutting condition independent method. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 89:1–13
Azmi A (2015) Monitoring of tool wear using measured machining forces and neuro-fuzzy modeling approaches during machining of GFRP composites. Adv Eng Softw 82:53–64
Zhang H, Zhao J, Wang F, Li A (2015) Cutting forces and tool failure in high-speed milling of titanium alloy tc21 with coated carbide tools. J Eng Manuf 229(1):20–27
Wang M, Wang J (2012) CHMM for tool condition monitoring and remaining useful life prediction. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 59(5–8):463–471
Huang P, Ma C, Kuo C (2015) A PNN self-learning tool breakage detection system in end milling operations. Appl Soft Comput 37:114–124
Kaya B, Oysu C, Ertunc H (2011) Force-torque based on-line tool wear estimation system for CNC milling of inconel 718 using neural networks. Adv Eng Softw 42(3):76–84
Prickett P, Johns C (1999) An overview of approaches to end milling tool monitoring. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 39(1):105–122
Koike R, Ohnishi K, Aoyama T (2016) A sensorless approach for tool fracture detection in milling by integrating multi-axial servo information. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 65(1):385–388
Ghani J, Rizal M, Nuawi M, Ghazali M, Haron C (2011) Monitoring online cutting tool wear using low-cost technique and user-friendly GUI. Wear 271(9–10):2619–2624
Stavropoulos P, Papacharalampopoulos A, Vasiliadis E, Chryssolouris G (2016) Tool wear predictability estimation in milling based on multi-sensorial data. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 82(1–4):509–521
Sevilla P, Robles J, Jauregui J, Jimenez D (2015a) FPGA-based reconfigurable system for tool condition monitoring in high-speed machining process. Measurement 64:81–88
Sevilla P, Robles J, Muñiz J, Lee F (2015b) Tool failure detection method for high-speed milling using vibration signal and reconfigurable bandpass digital filtering. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 81(5–8):1–8
Sevilla P, Jauregui J, Herrera G, Robles J (2013) Efficient method for detecting tool failures in high-speed machining process. J Eng Manuf 227(4):473–482
Cuka B, Kim D (2017) Fuzzy logic based tool condition monitoring for end-milling. Robot Comput Integr Manuf 47(10):22–36
Wang G, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Xie Q (2014) Vibration sensor based tool condition monitoring using ν, support vector machine and locality preserving projection. Sensors Actuators A Phys 209:24–32
Zhou Y, Liu X, Li F, Sun B, Xue W (2015) An online damage identification approach for numerical control machine tools based on data fusion using vibration signals. J Vib Control 21(15):2925–2936
Chen B, Chen X, Li B, He Z, Cao H, Cai G (2011) Reliability estimation for cutting tools based on logistic regression model using vibration signals. Mech. Syst. Signal Process 25(7):2526–2537
Zhang C, Yao X, Zhang J, Jin H (2016) Tool condition monitoring and remaining useful life prognostic based on a wireless sensor in dry milling operations. Sensors 16(795):1–20
Hsieh W, Lu M, Chiou S (2012) Application of backpropagation neural network for spindle vibration-based tool wear monitoring in micro-milling. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 61(1–4):53–61
Madhusudana C, Kumar H, Narendranath S (2016) Condition monitoring of face milling tool using k-star algorithm and histogram features of vibration signal. Int J Eng Sci Technol 19(3):1543–1551
Gao C, Xue W, Ren Y, Zhou Y (2017) Numerical control machine tool fault diagnosis using hybrid stationary subspace analysis and least squares support vector machine with a single sensor. Applied Sci 7(4):346 1-12
Ammouri A, Hamade R (2014) Current rise criterion: a process-independent method for tool-condition monitoring and prognostics. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 72(1–4):509–519
Shao H, Wang H, Zhao X (2004) A cutting power model for tool wear monitoring in milling. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 44(14):1503–1509
Ritou M, Garnier S, Furet B, Hascoet J (2014) Angular approach combined to mechanical model for tool breakage detection by eddy current sensors. Mech Syst Signal Process 44(1–2):211–220
Sevilla P, HerreraG RJ, Jáuregui J (2011) Tool breakage detection in cnc high-speed milling based in feed-motor current signals. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 53(9–12):1141–1148
Rizal M, Ghani J, Nuawi M, Che H (2014) A review of sensor system and application in milling process for tool condition monitoring. Rese J Applied Sci Eng Technol 7(10):2083–2097
Lee B (1999) Application of the discrete wavelet transform to the monitoring of tool failure in end milling using the spindle motor current. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 15(4):238–243
Jemielniak K (2008) Arrazola P (2008) application of AE and cutting force signals in tool condition monitoring in micro-milling. CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol 1:97–102
Yen C, Lu M, Chen J (2013) Applying the self-organization feature map (som) algorithm to ae-based tool wear monitoring in micro-cutting. Mech Syst Signal Proces 34(1–2):353–366
Pechenin V, Khaimovich A, Kondratiev A, Bolotov M (2017) Method of controlling cutting tool wear based on signal analysis of acoustic emission for milling. Procedia Eng 176:246–252
Mathew M, Pai P, Rocha L (2008) An effective sensor for tool wear monitoring in face milling: acoustic emission. Sadhana 33(3):227–233
Ren Q, Balazinski M, Baron L, Jemielniak K, Botez R, Achiche S (2014) Type-2 fuzzy tool condition monitoring system based on acoustic emission in micromilling. Info Sci 255(1):121–134
Zhu K, Vogel B (2014) Sparse representation and its applications in micro-milling condition monitoring: noise separation and tool condition monitoring. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 70(1–4):185–199
Snr D (2000) Sensor signals for tool-wear monitoring in metal cutting operations—a review of methods. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 40(8):1073–1098
Chen S, Jen Y (2000) Data fusion neural network for tool condition monitoring in CNC milling machining. Int J Mach Tool Manuf 40(3):381–400
Binsaeid S, Asfour S, Cho S, Onar A (2009) Machine ensemble approach for simultaneous detection of transient and gradual abnormalities in end milling using multisensor fusion. J Mater Process Technol 209(10):4728–4738
Kuljanic E, Totis G, Sortino M (2009) Development of an intelligent multisensor chatter detection system in milling. Mech Syst Signal Process 23(5):1704–1718
Cho S, Binsaeid S, Asfour S (2010) Design of multisensor fusion-based tool condition monitoring system in end milling. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 46(5–8):681–694
Geramifard O, Xu J, Zhou J, Li X (2012) A physically segmented hidden markov model approach for continuous tool condition monitoring: diagnostics and prognostics. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 8(4):964–973
Lamraoui M, Thomas M, Badaoui M (2014) Cyclostationarity approach for monitoring chatter and tool wear in high speed milling. Mech Syst Signal Process 44(1–2):177–198
Salehi M, Albertelli P, Goletti M, Ripamonti F, Tomasini G, Monno M (2015) Indirect model based estimation of cutting force and tool tip vibrational behavior in milling machines by sensor fusion. Procedia CIRP 33(1):239–244
Wang G, Zhang Y, Liu C, Xie Q, Xu Y (2016) A new tool wear monitoring method based on multi-scale PCA. J Intell Manuf:1–10
Hong Y, Yoon H, Moon J, Cho Y, Ahn S (2016) Tool-wear monitoring during micro-end milling using wavelet packet transform and fisher’s linear discriminant. Int J Prec Eng Manuf 17(7):845–855
Jahromi A, Meng J, Li X, Lim B (2016) Sequential fuzzy clustering based dynamic fuzzy neural network for fault diagnosis and prognosis. Neurocomputing 196:31–41
WangP GR (2016) Stochastic tool wear prediction for sustainable manufacturing. Procedia CIRP 48:236–241
Yu J, Liang S, Tang D, Liu H (2016) A weighted hidden markov model approach for continuous-state tool wear monitoring and tool life prediction. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 91(1–4):201–111
Downey J, O'Sullivan D, Nejmen M, Bombinski S, O’Leary P, Raghavendra R (2016) Real time monitoring of the CNC process in a production environment- the data collection and analysis phase. Procedia CIRP 41:920–926
Harris K, Triantafyllopoulos K, Stillman E, Mcleay T (2016) A multivariate control chart for autocorrelated tool wear processes. Qual Reliab Eng Int 32(6):2093–2106
Christopher A, John T (2007) Methods for on-line directionally independent failure prediction of end milling cutting tools. Mach Sci Technol 11(1):1–43
Zhu K, Wong Y, Hong G (2009) Wavelet analysis of sensor signals for tool condition monitoring: a review and some new results. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 49(7):537–553
Sun H, He Z, Zi Y, Yuan J, Wang X, Chen J, He S (2014) Multiwavelet transform and its applications in mechanical fault diagnosis—a review. Mech Syst Signal Process 43(1–2):1–24
Huang N, Shen Z, Long S, Wu M, Shih M, Zheng Q, Yen N, Tung C, Liu H (1998) The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis. Proc R Soc Lond 454:903–995
LeiY, LinJ, He Z, Zuo M (2013) A review on empirical mode decomposition in fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. Mech Syst Signal Process 35(1–2):108–126
Shi X, Wang R, Chen Q, Shao H (2014) Cutting sound signal processing for tool breakage detection in face milling based on empirical mode decomposition and independent component analysis. J Vib Control 21(16):3348–3358
Babouri M, Ouelaa N, Djebala A (2016) Experimental study of tool life transition and wear monitoring in turning operation using a hybrid method based on wavelet multi-resolution analysis and empirical mode decomposition. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 82(9–12):2017–2028
Wu Z, Huang N (2009) Ensemble empirical mode decomposition: a noise assisted data analysis method. Adv Adapt Data Anal 1:1–41
Wang Y, Yeh C, Young H, Hu K, Lo M (2014) On the computational complexity of the empirical mode decomposition algorithm. Phys A Stat Mech Appl 400(4):159–167
Zhao L, Yu W, Yan R (2016) Gearbox fault diagnosis using complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition and permutation entropy. Shock Vib. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3891429
Wang J, Xie J, Zhao R, Zhang L, Duan L (2017) Multisensory fusion based virtual tool wear sensing for ubiquitous manufacturing. Robot Comput Integr Manuf 45:47–58
Szecsi T (1999) Cutting force modeling using artificial neural networks. J Mater Process Technol 92-93(3):344–349
Pimenov D (2013) The effect of the rate flank wear teeth face mills on the processing. J Frict Wear 34(2):156–159
Kalidass S, Palanisamy P, Muthukumaran V (2013) Prediction and optimization of tool wear for end milling operation using artificial neural networks and simulated annealing algorithm. Int J Mach Mach Mater 14(2):142–164
Wang G, Cui Y (2013a) On line tool wear monitoring based on auto associative neural network. J Intell Manuf 24:1085–1094
Wang G, Yang Y, Guo Z (2013b) Hybrid learning based gaussian ARTMAP network for tool condition monitoring using selected force harmonic features. Sensors Actuators A Phys 203(12):394–404
Torabi A, Meng J, Li X, Lim B, Zhai L, Oentaryo RJ (2015) A survey on artificial intelligence-based modeling techniques for high speed milling processes. IEEE Syst J 9(3):1069–1080
Salimiasl A, Özdemir A (2016) Analyzing the performance of artificial neural network (ANN)-, fuzzy logic (FL)-, and least square (LS)-based models for online tool condition monitoring. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 87(1–4):1–14
Owsley L, Atlas L, Bernard G (1997) Self-organizing feature maps and hidden Markov models for machine-tool monitoring. IEEE Trans Signal Process 45(11):2787–2798
Lu M, Wan B (2013) Study of high-frequency sound signals for tool wear monitoring in micromilling. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 66(9–12):1785–1792
Zhu K, Wong Y, Hong G (2009) Multi-category micro-milling tool wear monitoring with continuous hidden markov models. Mech Syst Signal Process 23(2):547–560
Geramifard O, Xu J, Zhou J, Li X (2014) Multimodal hidden markov model-based approach for tool wear monitoring. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 61(6):2900–2911
Siddhpura A, Paurobally R (2013) A review of flank wear prediction methods for tool condition monitoring in a turning process. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 65(1–4):371–393
Shawe T, Sun S (2011) A review of optimization methodologies in support vector machines. Neurocomputing 74(17):3609–3618
Hsueh Y, Yang C (2009) Tool breakage diagnosis in face milling by support vector machine. J Mater Process Technol 209(1):145–152
Wang G, Yang Y, Xie Q, Zhang Y (2014a) Force based tool wear monitoring system for milling process based on relevance vector machine. Adv Eng Softw 71(3):46–51
Abbasnejad M, Ramachandram D, Mandava R (2012) A survey of the state of the art in learning the kernels. Knowl Inf Syst 31(2):193–221
Douha L, Benoudjit N, Douak F, Melgani F (2012) Support vector regression in spectrophoto-metry: an experimental study. Crit Rev Anal Chem 42(3):214–219
Lei Y, He Z, Zi Y, Hu Q (2008) Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on a new hybrid clustering algorithm. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 35(9–10):968–977
Zhang T, Ye W, Shan Y (2015) Application of sliced inverse regression with fuzzy clustering for thermal error modeling of CNC machine tool. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 85(9–12):1–11
Fu S, Liu K, Xu Y, Liu Y (2016) Rolling bearing diagnosing method based on time domain analysis and adaptive fuzzy c -means clustering. Shock Vib (1): 1–8
Torabi A, Meng J, Xiang L, Lim B, Gan O (2016) Application of clustering methods for online tool condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in high-speed milling processes. IEEE Syst J 10(2):721–732
Grasso M, Albertelli P, Colosimo B (2013) An adaptive SPC approach for multi-sensor fusion and monitoring of time-varying processes. Procedia CIRP 12:61–66
Wang G, Liu C, Cui Y, Feng X (2014b) Tool wear monitoring based on cointegration modeling of multisensory information. Int J Comput Integr Manuf 27(5):479–487
Marksberry P, Jawahir I (2008) A comprehensive tool-wear/tool-life performance model in the evaluation of ndm (near dry machining) for sustainable manufacturing. Int J Mach Tool Manu 48(7):878–886
Zhang G, To S, Xiao G (2014) Novel tool wear monitoring method in ultra-precision raster milling using cutting chips. Precis Eng 38(3):555–560
Zhou J, Pang C, Lewis F, Zhong Z (2009) Intelligent diagnosis and prognosis of tool wear using dominant feature identification. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 5(4):454–464
Wu Y, Hong G, Wong W (2015) Prognosis of the probability of failure in tool condition monitoring application-a time series based approach. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 76(1–4):513–521
Girardin F, Rémond D, Rigal J (2010) Tool wear detection in milling - an original approach with a non-dedicated sensor. Mech Syst Signal Pr 24(6):1907–1920
Wang G, Guo Z, Qian L (2014) Online incremental learning for tool condition classification using modified fuzzy ARTMAP network. J Intell Manuf 25(6):1403–1411
Wang G, Yang Y, Li Z (2014) Force sensor based tool condition monitoring using a heterogeneous ensemble learning model. Sensors 14(11):21588–21602
Salehinejad H, Barfett J, Valaee S, Dowdell T (2017) Training neural networks with very little data—a draft. Arxiv, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.04347.pdf
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for support from the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51405346), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. LY17E050005), and the Wenzhou City Public Industrial Science and Technology Project of China (Grant Nos. G20160015 and G20170009). We also thank LetPub (www.LetPub.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, Y., Xue, W. Review of tool condition monitoring methods in milling processes. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 96, 2509–2523 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1768-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1768-5