Abstract
In this study, the effect of both cryogenic and dry machining of AZ31 magnesium alloy on temperature and surface roughness was examined. Cryogenic machining experiments were conducted by applying liquid nitrogen at the cutting zone. The cutting parameters (cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate) were varied, and their effect on the results was identified. It was found that the cryogenic machining was able to reduce the maximum temperature at the machined surface to about 60% as compared with dry machining. A finite element model was developed to predict the temperature distribution at the machined surface. The simulated results showed good agreement with the experimental data. After analyzing the temperature distribution, the model also suggested that the cryogenic-assisted machining removes heat at a faster rate as to that of the dry machining. An arithmetic model using the response surface method was also developed to predict the maximum temperature at the surface during cryogenic and dry machining. The analysis pointed out that the maximum temperature was greatly affected by the cutting speed followed by feed rate and depth of cut. Cryogenic machining leads to better surface finish with up to 56% reduction in surface roughness compared with dry machining.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Majumdar P, Jayaramachandran R, Ganesan S (2005) Finite element analysis of temperature rise in metal cutting processes. Appl Therm Eng 25(14–15):2152–2168
Brito RF, Carvalho SR, Lima SMM, Silva E (2015) Experimental investigation of thermal aspects in a cutting tool using comsol and inverse problem. Appl Therm Eng 86:60–68
Fang FZ, Lee LC, Liu XD (2005) Mean flank temperature measurement in high speed dry cutting of magnesium alloy. J Mater Process Technol 167:1119–1123
Hornberger H, Virtanen S, Boccaccini R (2012) Biomedical coatings on magnesium alloys - a review. Acta Biomater 8(7):2442–2455
Wang J, Tang J, Zhang P, Li Y, Wang J, Lai Y, Qin L (2012) Surface modification of magnesium alloys developed for bioabsorbable orthopedic implants: a general review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 100:1691–1701
Lietaert K, Weber L, Van Humbeeck J, Mortensen A, Luyten J, Schrooten J (2013) Open cellular magnesium alloys for biodegradable orthopaedic implants. J Magnes Alloy 1(4):303–311
Carou D, Rubio EM, Davim JP (2015) Analysis of ignition risk in intermittent turning of UNS M11917 magnesium alloy at low cutting speeds based on the chip morphology. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B J Eng Manuf 229(2):365–371
Weinert K, Inasaki I, Sutherland JW, Wakabayashi T (2004) Dry machining and minimum quantity lubrication. CIRP Ann - Manuf Technol 53(2):511–537
Shokrani A, Dhokia V, Newman ST (2012) Environmentally conscious machining of difficult-to-machine materials with regard to cutting fluids. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 57:83–101
Polmear IJ (1994) Magnesium alloys and applications. Mater Sci Technol 10(1):1–16
Yildiz Y, Nalbant M (2008) A review of cryogenic cooling in machining processes. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 48(9):947–964
Kaynak Y, Karaca HE, Noebe RD, Jawahir IS (2013) Analysis of tool-wear and cutting force components in dry, preheated, and cryogenic machining of NiTi shape memory alloys. Procedia CIRP 8:498–503
Kaynak Y (2014) Evaluation of machining performance in cryogenic machining of Inconel 718 and comparison with dry and MQL machining. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 72(5–8):919–933
Lee I, Bajpai V, Moon S (2015) Tool life improvement in cryogenic cooled milling of the preheated Ti – 6Al – 4 V. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 79(1):665–673
Zhuang K, Zhang X, Zhu D, Ding H (2015) Employing preheating- and cooling-assisted technologies in machining of Inconel 718 with ceramic cutting tools : towards reducing tool wear and improving surface integrity. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 80(9):1815–1822
Jawahir IS, Attia H, Biermann D, Duflou J, Klocke F, Meyer D, Newman ST, Pusavec F, Putz M, Rech J, Schulze V, Umbrello D (2016) Cryogenic manufacturing processes. CIRP Ann - Manuf Technol 65(2):713–736
Wang ZY, Rajurkar KP (1997) Wear of CBN tool in turning of silicon nitride with cryogenic cooling. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 37(3):319–326
Hong SY, Ding Y (2001) Micro-temperature manipulation in cryogenic machining of low carbon steel. J Mater Process Technol 116(1):22–30
Hong SY, Ding Y (2001) Cooling approaches and cutting temperatures in cryogenic machining of Ti-6Al-4 V. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 41(10):1417–1437
Dhar NR, Paul S, Chattopadhyay AB (2002) The influence of cryogenic cooling on tool wear, dimensional accuracy and surface finish in turning AISI 1040 and E4340C steels. Wear 249:932–942
Dhar NR, Kamruzzaman M (2007) Cutting temperature, tool wear, surface roughness and dimensional deviation in turning AISI-4037 steel under cryogenic condition. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 47(5):754–759
Bermingham MJ, Kirsch J, Sun S, Palanisamy S, Dargusch MS (2011) New observations on tool life, cutting forces and chip morphology in cryogenic machining Ti-6Al-4V. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 51(6):500–511
Jerold BD, Kumar MP (2012) Experimental comparison of carbon-dioxide and liquid nitrogen cryogenic coolants in turning of AISI 1045 steel. Cryogenics 52(10):569–574
Kurihara K, Tozawa T, Kato H (1981) Cutting temperature of magnesium alloy at extreme high speeds. J J I L M31(4):255–260
Carou D, Rubio EM, Lauro CH, Davim JP (2014) Experimental investigation on finish intermittent turning of UNS M11917 magnesium alloy under dry machining. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 75(9–12):1417–1429
Rubio EM, Valencia JL, Saa AJ, Carou D (2013) Experimental study of the dry facing of magnesium pieces based on the surface roughness. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 14(6):995–1001
Dinesh S, Senthilkumar V, Asokan P, Arulkirubakaran D (2015) Effect of cryogenic cooling on machinability and surface quality of bio-degradable ZK60 Mg alloy. Mater Des 87:1030–1036
Pu Z, Outeiro JC, Batista AC, Dillon OW, Puleo DA, Jawahir IS (2012) Enhanced surface integrity of AZ31B Mg alloy by cryogenic machining towards improved functional performance of machined components. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 56:17–27
Sun Y, Huang B, Puleo DA, Jawahir IS (2015) Enhanced machinability of Ti-5553 alloy from cryogenic machining: comparison with MQL and flood-cooled machining and modeling. Procedia CIRP 31:477–482
Ulacia I, Salisbury CP, Hurtado I, Worswick MJ (2011) Tensile characterization and constitutive modeling of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet over wide range of strain rates and temperatures. J Mater Process Technol 211(5):830–839
Carou D, Rubio EM, Lauro CH, Davim JP (2014) Experimental investigation on surface finish during intermittent turning of UNS M11917 magnesium alloy under dry and near dry machining conditions. Measurement 56:136–154
Ahn JW, Woo WS, Lee CM (2016) A study on the energy efficiency of specific cutting energy in laser-assisted machining. Appl Therm Eng 94:748–753
Lee S, Ham HJ, Kwon SY, Kim SW, Suh CM (2013) Thermal conductivity of magnesium alloys in the temperature range from −125 °C to 400 °C. Int J Thermophys 34(12):2343–2350
Nasr MNA, Outeiro JC (2015) Sensitivity analysis of cryogenic cooling on machining of magnesium alloy AZ31B-O. Procedia CIRP 31:264–269
Hong SY, Ding Y, Jeong W (2001) Friction and cutting forces in cryogenic machining of Ti-Al-4V. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 41(15):2271–2285
Pu Z, Song GL, Yang S, Outeiro JC, Dillon OW, Puleo DA, Jawahir IS (2012) Grain refined and basal textured surface produced by burnishing for improved corrosion performance of AZ31B Mg alloy. Corros Sci 57:192–201
Sarikaya M, Gullu A (2014) Taguchi design and response surface methodology based analysis of machining parameters in CNC turning under MQL. J Clean Prod 65:604–616
Makadia AJ, Nanavati JI (2013) Optimisation of machining parameters for turning operations based on response surface methodology. Measurement 46(4):1521–1529
Aggarwal A, Singh H, Kumar P, Singh M (2008) Optimizing power consumption for CNC turned parts using response surface methodology and Taguchi’s technique—a comparative analysis. J Mater Process Technol 200(1–3):373–384
Kim DH, Lee CM (2014) A study of cutting force and preheating-temperature prediction for laser-assisted milling of Inconel 718 and AISI 1045 steel. Int J Heat Mass Transf 71:264–274
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Danish, M., Ginta, T.L., Habib, K. et al. Thermal analysis during turning of AZ31 magnesium alloy under dry and cryogenic conditions. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 91, 2855–2868 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9893-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9893-5