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The impact of changes in job security on mental health across gender and family responsibility: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study

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Abstract

Purpose

While there is strong evidence that job insecurity leads to mental distress, little is known about how gender and parental responsibilities may exacerbate this relationship. Examining their contribution as potential effect modifiers may provide insights into gender inequalities in mental health and inform gender-sensitive labour policies to ameliorate the negative effects of job insecurity. Our study addresses this gap by examining the longitudinal association between job insecurity and mental health across different configurations of gender and parental responsibilities.

Methods

Our sample includes 34,772 employed participants over the period of 2010–2018. A gender-stratified fixed-effect regression was used to model the within-person change over time in mental health associated with loss of job security, and effect modification by parent–partner status (e.g. childfree men, partnered father, etc.).

Results

Loss of job security was associated with a moderate decrease in mental health functioning for partnered fathers, partnered mothers, and childfree men and women ranging between a reduction in MCS-12 by 1.00 to 2.27 points (p < 0.05). Lone fathers who lose their job security experienced a higher decrease in mental health functioning at − 7.69 (95% CI − 12.69 to − 2.70), while lone mothers did not experience any change.

Conclusion

The effects of job insecurity on mental health is consistent across gender and parent–partner status with the exception of lone fathers and lone mothers. Future studies should investigate the effects of policies that may reduce mental distress in the face of the threat of job loss such as reducing wait time for payment of unemployment benefits.

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Data availability

Waves 1–9 of UKHLS data are available from the UK Data Service.

Notes

  1. This variable was ascertained using the following question: Do you have any long-standing physical or mental impairment, illness or disability? By 'long-standing' I mean anything that has troubled you over a period of at least 12 months or that is likely to trouble you over a period of at least 12 months.

  2. These numbers are produced by adding the effect estimate of the change in job security from insecure to secure on MCS-12 scores to 1) the interaction term for the change in job security status and 2) single father status. All the following reported results include the interaction and direct effects.

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Funding

Funding for the project is provided through research start-up funds from Brock University, Faculty of Applied Health Science, to the project principal investigator, Antony Chum. The funder had no role in determining the topic, scope, or interpretation of study results.

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Author notes

  1. Antony Chum and Sukhdeep Kaur have contributed equally to this paper.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 4A1, Canada

    Antony Chum, Sukhdeep Kaur, Celine Teo & Andrew Nielsen

  2. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Antony Chum & Patricia O’Campo

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Carles Muntaner

  4. MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Antony Chum, Celine Teo, Andrew Nielsen & Patricia O’Campo

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Contributions

AC, PO, and CM conceived the study, AC, SK and AN drafted the first versions of the manuscript, and SK and CT performed the data management and statistical analyses. Funding was provided by AC for the study. All authors contributed to the design of the study and the interpretation of data, contributed with important intellectual content to the manuscript and have approved the final version to be published.

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Correspondence to Antony Chum.

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Chum, A., Kaur, S., Teo, C. et al. The impact of changes in job security on mental health across gender and family responsibility: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 57, 25–36 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02187-6

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