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Tracing the Eh–pH evolution of Cu–Pb–As–Zn supergene mineralization using detailed petrography in the Cap Garonne mineral deposit (Provence, France)

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Abstract

The supergene zone of the Cap Garonne mineral deposit (Provence, France) hosts one of the most remarkable mineralogy in the world with no less than 150 minerals, 16 of which are type locality. Such mineral diversity offers a detailed view of mineral and geochemical changes during weathering processes. The stratabound epigenetic primary mineralization occurs within a few meters-thick fluvial conglomerates resting above the Permian–Triassic transition and is probably related to Late Triassic–Early Jurassic hydrothermal events. The Cu–As mineralization in the lower part of the conglomerates is locally overlapped by a thin Pb–Zn-rich layer in the northern mine. The results show that the weathered part is significantly enriched in Cu, Pb, As, Zn, Ag, Ba, Sb, and Bi. The evolution of the supergene fluid is traced in an Eh–pH diagram by the succession of sulfides I (tennantite, galena), sulfides II (covellite), arsenates (olivenite), sulfates and sulfo-arsenates (brochantite, anglesite), and carbonates (malachite, azurite, cerussite). The primary sulfide oxidation acidified the host conglomerate and enabled the crystallization of secondary sulfides and arsenates. Efficient and rapid neutralization by the calcite cement of the host conglomerate and chlorite in the matrix caused successive precipitation of arsenates, sulfates, and carbonates. The supergene processes could be related to major periods of weathering in Western Europe (Early Cretaceous–Late Oligocene/Early Miocene). Erosion-prone periods may have contributed to the stripping of the Pb–Zn-rich layer in the southern mine.

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Acknowledgement

Many thanks to the AAMCG (Association des Amis de la Mine du Cap Garonne) and more particularly to V. Galéa-Clolus, P. Clolus, and H. Bono for their reception, access to the mine, and sampling. We also thank N. Tumanov and J. Wouters from the PC2 platform of the University of Namur (UNamur) for recording the XRD spectra. This research used resources of the Electron Microscopy Service, which is a member of the “Plateforme Technologique Morphologie–Imagerie” of the UNamur.

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  1. Department of Geology, Institute of Life-Earth-Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium

    Julien Poot, Pierre Buelens, Augustin Dekoninck, Gaëtan Rochez & Johan Yans

  2. Laboratoire G-Time, Département Géosciences, Environnement Et Société, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/02, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Pierre Buelens & Augustin Dekoninck

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  1. Julien Poot
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Correspondence to Julien Poot.

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Poot, J., Buelens, P., Dekoninck, A. et al. Tracing the Eh–pH evolution of Cu–Pb–As–Zn supergene mineralization using detailed petrography in the Cap Garonne mineral deposit (Provence, France). Miner Deposita (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-024-01258-3

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