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Magma mixing and magmatic-to-hydrothermal fluid evolution revealed by chemical and boron isotopic signatures in tourmaline from the Zhunuo–Beimulang porphyry Cu-Mo deposits

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Abstract

We present coupled textural, elemental, and boron isotopic data of tourmaline from the large Zhunuo–Beimulang collision-related porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) located within the western Gangdese, Tibet. Based on morphology and high-resolution mapping, the tourmaline is classified into three paragenetic generations. The first generation of schorlitic Tur-1 occurs in the monzogranite porphyry as disseminations intergrown with porphyritic K-feldspar and plagioclase. It shows decreasing Fe and Ca and increasing Mg and Al contents from core to rim and has relatively homogeneous δ11B values (− 9.9 to − 8.6‰); low Fe3+/(Fe2+  + Fe3+), Cu, F, H2O, and Sr/Y ratios; and high rare earth elements. These features indicate Tur-1 formed in a low fO2 and metal-poor granitic magma during the pre-mineralization stage. The second generation of porphyritic euhedral Tur-2 is hosted in diorite porphyry enclaves and dikes, where it is intergrown with plagioclase and biotite. It forms part of the schorl-dravite solid solution, with high Fe3+/(Fe2+  + Fe3+), Cu, F, H2O, Sr/Y, and δ11B (− 9.7 to − 5.1‰) values. These features indicate it crystallized from a hydrous, oxidized, metal-, and volatile-rich diorite magma. The third generation of Tur-3 is the most volumetrically important and occurs as veinlets and disseminations in the porphyry, or around Tur-1 and Tur-2. It shows radial and oscillatory zoning and is locally intergrown with chalcopyrite and pyrite within the main mineralization assemblage. It has δ11B values (− 10.5 to − 6.0‰) that overlap with Tur-1 and Tur-2 values. Tur-3 also has variable Fe3+/(Fe2+  + Fe3+), Cu, and volatiles (F and H2O), indicating it crystallized from oxidized to relatively reducing metal- and volatile-rich hydrothermal fluids. Overall, the three generations of tourmaline show a narrow range of δ11B values between − 10.5 and − 5.1‰ that are indicative of a single magmatic source. The high Cu, ferric iron, volatiles, and δ11B values in Tur-2 are interpreted to reflect injection of diorite magma into an open crustal magma storage system that led to the formation of an oxidizing and metal-volatile-rich porphyry system. The three stages of tourmaline formation reflect evolution of the magmatic–hydrothermal system from low fO2 conditions towards more oxidizing, volatile-rich conditions and then a return to more reducing conditions that accompanied Cu precipitation. Overall, the injection of oxidized metal-rich magma into a long-lived magma reservoir is a critical driving force for the development of collision-related PCDs.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Prof. K. Kelley and Prof. D. Kreiner for their insightful comments that greatly improved the quality of the manuscript. Editor-in-Chief Prof. G. Beaudoin and Associate editor Prof. M. Bouhabdellah are gratefully acknowledged for their insightful comments and editorial handling. This research was supported by the China National Science Foundation (No.42372092; No.U22A20572). We are grateful to the employees of the Wuhan SampleSolution Analytical Technology Co., Ltd. for their help and guidance during the EMPA and LA-ICP-MS analyses. Dr. Di Zhang and Hedong Zhao from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, and School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, are gratefully acknowledged for providing insightful comments about boron isotope analyses and structural formulae of Fe3+/(Fe2+ + Fe3+) ratios in tourmaline and simulation calculation of boron isotopic variation during different generations of tourmaline.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources and School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Youye Zheng, Xin Chen, Kuidong Zhao & Shunbao Gao

  2. School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Youye Zheng & Song Wu

  3. School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK

    Martin R. Palmer

  4. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    David Hernández-Uribe

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Zheng, Y., Chen, X., Palmer, M.R. et al. Magma mixing and magmatic-to-hydrothermal fluid evolution revealed by chemical and boron isotopic signatures in tourmaline from the Zhunuo–Beimulang porphyry Cu-Mo deposits. Miner Deposita (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-024-01255-6

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