Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of an unusual Mo-rich carbonatite: a case study using LA-ICP-MS fluid inclusion microanalysis and He–Ar isotopes from the Huangshui’an deposit, Qinling, China

  • Article
  • Published:
Mineralium Deposita Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Huangshui’an deposit located in East Qinling (China) is an unusual case of a Si-rich carbonatite hosting economic Mo and minor Pb and REE mineralization. The role of mantle-sourced carbonatite melts and fluids in the formation of the Mo mineralization remains poorly understood. Our integrated study based on field geology, petrography, microthermometry, and LA-ICP-MS analysis of single fluid inclusions, and noble gas isotopes of pyrite permits to reconstruct the source characteristics, the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the carbonatitic fluids, and their controls on Mo mineralization. Fluid inclusions hosted in calcite in the carbonatite dikes have the highest concentrations of Mo (9.9–62 ppm), Ce (820–9700 ppm), Pb (1800–19500 ppm), and Zn (570–5800 ppm) and represent the least modified hydrothermal fluid derived from the carbonatite melt. Fluid inclusions hosted in calcite (Cal) and quartz (Qz2 and Qz3) of the stage I carbonatite dikes have different metal concentrations, suggesting that they formed from two distinct end member fluids. The FIA in calcite represent fluid A evolved from carbonatite melt with relatively high-ore metal concentrations, and those in quartz characterize fluid B having a crustal signature due to metasomatic reactions with the wall rocks. The FIA in quartz (Qz1) within the altered wall rock have overlapping elemental concentrations with those of massive quartz (Qz2) and vuggy quartz (Qz3) in carbonatite. This suggests that the volumetrically significant quartz in the Huangshui’an carbonatite has been formed by the introduction of Si by fluid B. The positive correlations between Rb, B, Al, Cl, and Sr in stage II fluid inclusions in late fluorite + quartz + calcite veins indicate that this late mineralization formed from the mixing of primary hydrothermal fluid B with meteoric water. The He–Ar isotope data, in combination with available C–O–Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data, constrain the carbonatite source as an enriched mantle source modified by contributions from crustal material which was probably the fertile lower crust in the region. This distinct source facilitated the enrichment in Mo, REE, and Pb in the primary carbonatite magma. The carbonatite magmatism and Mo mineralization at 209.5–207 Ma occurred in the regional-scale extensional setting at the postcollision stage of the Qinling Orogenic Belt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amsellem E, Moynier F, Bertrand H, Bouyon A, Mata J, Tappe S, Day JM (2020) Calcium isotopic evidence for the mantle sources of carbonatites. Sci Adv 5:eaba3269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anenburg M (2019) Molybdenum and rhenium disulfide synthesis via high-pressure carbonate melt. CrystEngComm 21:4513–4518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anenburg M, Mavrogenes JA (2018) Carbonatitic versus hydrothermal origin for fluorapatite REE-Th deposits: experimental study of REE transport and crustal "antiskarn" metasomatism. Am J Sci 318:335–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anenburg M, Mavrogenes JA, Bennett VC (2020a) The fluorapatite P–REE–Th vein deposit at Nolans Bore: genesis by carbonatite metasomatism. J Petrol 61. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa003

  • Anenburg M, Mavrogenes JA, Frigo C, Wall F (2020b) Rare earth element mobility in and around carbonatites controlled by sodium, potassium, and silica. Sci Adv 6. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6570

  • Aquilina L, Pauwels H, Genter A, Fouillac C (1997) Water-rock interaction processes in the Triassic sandstone and the granitic basement of the Rhine Graben: geochemical investigation of a geothermal reservoir. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:4281–4295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bai T, Chen W, Jiang SY (2019) Evolution of the carbonatite Mo-HREE deposits in the Lesser Qinling Orogen: insights from in situ geochemical investigation of calcite and sulfate. Ore Geol Rev 113:103069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker RJ (1997) Clathrates: Computer programs to calculate fluid inclusion V-X properties using clathrate melting temperatures. Comput Geosci 23:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker RJ (1999) Optimal interpretation of microthermometrical data from fluid inclusions: thermodynamic modelling and computer programming. Ruprecht-Karls-University, Habilitation

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker RJ (2003) Package FLUIDS 1. Computer programs for analysis of fluid inclusion data and for modelling bulk fluid properties. Chem Geol 194:3–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballentine CJ, Burgess R, Marty B (2002) Tracing fluid origin, transport and interaction in the crust. Rev Mineral Geochem 47:539–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell K, Tilton GR (2001) Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic compositions of East African carbonatites: evidence for mantle mixing and plume inhomogeneity. J Petrol 42:1927–1945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bühn B, Rankin AH (1999) Composition of natural, volatile-rich Na–Ca–REE−Sr carbonatitic fluids trapped in fluid inclusions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:3781–3797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao J (2019) Mineralization of the Huangshui’an carbonatite Mo deposit in East Qinling. PhD dissertation, China University of Geosciences, Beijing pp. 1-113 (in Chinese with English abstract)

  • Cao J, Ye HS, Li H, Li Z, Zhang XK, He W, Li C (2014) Geological characteristics and molybdenite Re-Os isotopic dating of Huangshuian carbonatite vein-type Mo(Pb) deposit in Songxian County, Henan Province. Mineral Deposita 33:53–69 (in Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao HW, Zhang ST, Santosh M, Zheng L, Tang L, Li D, Zhang X, Zhang YH (2015) The Luanchuan Mo–W–Pb–Zn–Ag magmatic–hydrothermal system in the East Qinling metallogenic belt, China: constrains on metallogenesis from C–H–O–S–Pb isotope compositions and Rb–Sr isochron ages. J Asian Earth Sci 111:751–780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaussidon M, Lorand JP (1990) Sulphur isotope composition of orogenic spinel lherzolite massifs from Ariege (North-Eastern Pyrenees, France): an ion microprobe study. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54:2835–2846

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YJ, Santosh M (2014) Triassic tectonics and mineral systems in the Qinling Orogen, central China. Geol J 49:338–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YJ, Pirajno F, Qi JP, Li J, Wang HH (2006) Ore geology, fluid geochemistry and genesis of the Shanggong gold deposit, eastern Qinling Orogen, China. Resour Geol 56:99–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YJ, Pirajno F, Qi JP (2008) The Shanggong gold deposit, Eastern Qinling Orogen, China: isotope geochemistry and implications for ore genesis. J Asian Earth Sci 33:252–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çimen O, Kuebler C, Simonetti SS, Corcoran L, Mitchell R, Simonetti A (2019) Combined boron, radiogenic (Nd, Pb, Sr), stable (C, O) isotopic and geochemical investigations of carbonatites from the Blue River Region, British Columbia (Canada): implications for mantle sources and recycling of crustal carbon. Chem Geol 529:119240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong YP, Santosh M (2016) Tectonic architecture and multiple orogeny of the Qinling Orogenic Belt, Central China. Gondwana Res 29:1–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong YP, Yang Z, Liu X, Zhang X, He D, Li W, Zhang F, Sun S, Zhang H, Zhang G (2014) Neoproterozoic amalgamation of the Northern Qinling terrain to the North China Craton: constraints from geochronology and geochemistry of the Kuanping ophiolite. Precambrian Res 255:77–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong YP, Yang Z, Liu X, Sun S, Li W, Cheng B, Zhang F, Zhang X, He D, Zhang G (2016) Mesozoic intracontinental orogeny in the Qinling Mountains, central China. Gondwana Res 30:144–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng JY, Tang L, Santosh M, Zhang ST, Sheng YM, Hu XK, Wang L (2021) Genesis of hydrothermal gold mineralization in the Qianhe deposit, central China: constraints from in situ sulfur isotope and trace elements of pyrite. Geol J, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4099

  • Fusswinkel T, Wagner T, Wenzel T, Wälle M, Lorenz J (2014) Red bed and basement sourced fluids recorded in hydrothermal Mn–Fe–As veins, Sailauf (Germany): a LA-ICPMS fluid inclusion study. Chem Geol 363:22–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fusswinkel T, Wagner T, Sakellaris G (2017) Fluid evolution of the Neoarchean Pampalo orogenic gold deposit (E Finland): constraints from LA-ICPMS fluid inclusion microanalysis. Chem Geol 450:96–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fusswinkel T, Giehl C, Beermann O, Fredriksson JR, Garbe-Schönberg D, Scholten L, Wagner T (2018) Combined LA-ICP-MS microanalysis of iodine, bromine and chlorine in fluid inclusions. J Anal At Spectrom 33:768–783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao S, Luo TC, Zhang BR, Zhang HF, Han YW, Zhao ZD, Hu YK (1998a) Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in East China. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:1959–1975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao S, Zhang BR, Jin ZM, Kern H, Luo TC, Zhao ZD (1998b) How mafic is the lower continental crust? Earth Planet Sci Lett 161:101–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guillong M, Pettke T (2012) Depth dependent element ratios in fluid inclusion analysis by laser ablation ICP-MS. J Anal At Spectrom 27:505–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guillong M, Meier DL, Allan MM, Heinrich CA, Yardley BW (2008) Appendix A6: SILLS: a MATLAB-based program for the reduction of laser ablation ICP-MS data of homogeneous materials and inclusions. Mineral Assoc Canada Short Course 40:328–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Günther D, Audétat A, Frischknecht R, Heinrich CA (1998) Quantitative analysis of major, minor and trace elements in fluid inclusions using laser ablation–inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 13:263–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall DL, Sterner SM, Bodnar RJ (1988) Freezing point depression of NaCl-KCl-H2O solutions. Econ Geol 83:197–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He H, Zhu R, Saxton J (2011) Noble gas isotopes in corundum and peridotite xenoliths from the eastern North China Craton: implication for comprehensive refertilization of lithospheric mantle. Phys Earth Planet Inter 189:185–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He X, Wang J, Wang C, Carranza EJM, Chen L, Wu B (2016) Petrogenesis, zircon U–Pb age, and geochemistry of the A-type Mogou syenite, western Henan Province: implications for Mesozoic tectono-magmatic evolution of the Qinling Orogen. J Earth Syst Sci 125:585–603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horton F, Nielsen S, Shu Y, Gagnon A, Blusztajn J (2021) Thallium isotopes reveal brine activity during carbonatite magmatism. Geochem Geophys Geosyst, e2020GC009472

  • Hou ZQ, Tian S, Yuan Z, Xie Y, Yin S, Yi L, Fei H, Yang Z (2006) The Himalayan collision zone carbonatites in western Sichuan, SW China: petrogenesis, mantle source and tectonic implication. Earth Planet Sci Lett 244:234–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hou ZQ, Liu Y, Tian S, Yang Z, Xie Y (2015) Formation of carbonatite-related giant rare-earth-element deposits by the recycling of marine sediments. Sci Rep 5:10231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu XK, Tang L, Zhang ST, Santosh M, Spencer CJ, Zhao Y, Cao HW, Pei QM (2019) In situ trace element and sulfur isotope of pyrite constrain ore genesis in the Shapoling molybdenum deposit, East Qinling Orogen, China. Ore Geol Rev 105:123–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu XK, Tang L, Zhang ST, Santosh M, Sun L, Spencer CJ, Jeon H, Zhao Y, Huang DF (2020) Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf-O isotopes of the Late Mesozoic granitoids from the Xiong'ershan area, East Qinling Orogen, China: implications for petrogenesis and molybdenum metallogeny. Ore Geol Rev 124:103653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang DH, Wu CY, Du AD, He HL (1995) Re-Os Isotope ages of molybdenum deposits in East Qinling and their significance. Chin J Geochem 14:313–322 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang DH, Hou ZQ, Yang ZM, Li ZQ, Xu DX (2009) Geological and geochemical characteristics, metallogenetic mechanism and tectonic setting of carbonatite dyke type Mo (Pb) deposits in East Qinling molybdenum ore belt. Acta Geol Sin 83:1968–1984 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang XL, Wilde SA, Yang QJ, Zhong JW (2012) Geochronology and petrogenesis of gray gneisses from the Taihua Complex at Xiong'er in the southern segment of the Trans-North China Orogen: implications for tectonic transformation in the Early Paleoproterozoic. Lithos 134:236–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ionov DA, Qi YH, Kang JT, Golovin AV, Oleinikov OB, Zheng W, Anbar A, Zhang Z, Huang F (2019) Calcium isotopic signatures of carbonatite and silicate metasomatism, melt percolation and crustal recycling in the lithospheric mantle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 248:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kynicky J, Smith MP, Xu C (2012) Diversity of rare earth deposits: the key example of China. Elements 8:361–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li N, Chen YJ, Santosh M, Pirajno F (2015) Compositional polarity of Triassic granitoids in the Qinling Orogen, China: implication for termination of the northernmost Paleo-Tethys. Gondwana Res 27:244–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Hou Z (2017) A synthesis of mineralization styles with an integrated genetic model of carbonatite-syenite-hosted REE deposits in the Cenozoic Mianning-Dechang REE metallogenic belt, the eastern Tibetan Plateau, southwestern China. J Asian Earth Sci 137:35–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Chakhmouradian AR, Hou Z, Song W, Kynický J (2019) Development of REE mineralization in the giant Maoniuping deposit (Sichuan, China): insights from mineralogy, fluid inclusions, and trace-element geochemistry. Mineral Deposita 54:701–718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mamyrin BA, Tolstikhin IN (1984) Helium Isotopes in Nature. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Mao JW, Xie G, Pirajno F, Ye H, Wang Y, Li Y, Xiang J, Zhao H (2010) Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous granitoid magmatism in Eastern Qinling, central-eastern China: SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages and tectonic implications. Aust J Earth Sci 57:51–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mark DF, Stuart FM, De PM (2011) New high-precision measurements of the isotopic composition of atmospheric argon. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 75:7494–7501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meng QR, Zhang GW (1999) Timing of collision of the North and South China blocks: controversy and reconciliation. Geology 27:123–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer DA, Williams-Jones AE (1996) Genesis of the carbonatite-hosted fluorite deposit at Amba Dongar, India; evidence from fluid inclusions, stability isotopes, and whole rock-mineral geochemistry. Econ Geol 91:934–950

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettke T, Oberli F, Audétat A, Guillong M, Simon AC, Hanley JJ, Klemm LM (2012) Recent developments in element concentration and isotope ratio analysis of individual fluid inclusions by laser ablation single and multiple collector ICP-MS. Ore Geol Rev 44:10–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu KF, Yu HC, Gou ZY, Liang ZL, Zhang JL, Zhu R (2018) Nature and origin of Triassic igneous activity in the Western Qinling Orogen: the Wenquan composite pluton example. Int Geol Rev 60:242–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes AG, Trompetter WJ (2012) Hydrothermal water–rock interaction and the redistribution of Li, B and Cl in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Chem Geol 314–317:96–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudnick RL, Fountain DM (1995) Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crustal perspective. Rev Geophys 33:267–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seo JH, Guillong M, Aerts M, Zajacz Z, Heinrich CA (2011) Microanalysis of S, Cl and Br in fluid inclusions by LA–ICP-MS. Chem Geol 284:35–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MP, Henderson P (2000) Preliminary fluid inclusion constraints on fluid evolution in the Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposit, Inner Mongolia, China. Econ Geol 95:1371–1388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith M, Kynicky J, Xu C, Song W, Spratt J, Jeffries T, Brtnicky M, Kopriva A, Cangelosi D (2018) The origin of secondary heavy rare earth element enrichment in carbonatites: constraints from the evolution of the Huanglongpu district, China. Lithos 308:65–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song WL, Xu C, Qi L, Zhou L, Wang L, Kynicky J (2015) Genesis of Si-rich carbonatites in Huanglongpu Mo deposit, Lesser Qinling orogen, China and significance for Mo mineralization. Ore Geol Rev 64:756–765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song WL, Xu C, Smith MP, Kynicky J, Huang K, Wei C, Zhou L, Shu Q (2016a) Origin of unusual HREE-Mo-rich carbonatites in the Qinling orogen, China. Sci Rep 6:37377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song WL, Xu C, Veksler IV, Kynicky J (2016b) Experimental study of REE, Ba, Sr, Mo and W partitioning between carbonatitic melt and aqueous fluid with implications for rare metal mineralization. Contrib Mineral Petrol 171:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein HJ, Markey RJ, Morgan JW, Du A, Sun Y (1997) Highly precise and accurate Re-Os ages for molybdenite from the East Qinling molybdenum belt, Shaanxi Province, China. Econ Geol 92:827–835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun SS, McDonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geol Soc Lond, Spec Publ 42:313–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang L, Santosh M, Dong YP (2015) Tectonic evolution of a complex orogenic system: evidence from the northern Qinling belt, central China. J Asian Earth Sci 113:544–559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang L, Santosh M, Dong YP, Tsunogae T, Zhang S, Cao H (2016) Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the North Qinling orogenic belt: evidence from geochemistry, phase equilibrium modeling and geochronology of metamorphosed mafic rocks from the Songshugou ophiolite. Gondwana Res 30:48–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang L, Zhang ST, Yang F, Santosh M, Li JJ, Kim SW, Hu XK, Zhao Y, Cao HW (2019a) Triassic alkaline magmatism and mineralization in the Xiong'ershan area, East Qinling, China. Geol J 54:143–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang L, Hu XK, Santosh M, Zhang ST, Spencer CJ, Jeon H, Zhao Y, Cao HW (2019b) Multistage processes linked to tectonic transition in the genesis of orogenic gold deposit: a case study from the Shanggong lode deposit, East Qinling, China. Ore Geol Rev 111:102998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang L, Zhao Y, Zhang ST, Sun L, Hu XK, Sheng YM, Zeng T (2021) Origin and evolution of a porphyry-breccia system: Evidence from zircon U-Pb, molybdenite Re-Os geochronology, in situ sulfur isotope and trace elements of the Qiyugou deposit, China. Gondwana Res 89:88–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1995) The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Rev Geophys 33:241–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter BF, Giebel RJ, Steele-MacInnis M, Marks MA, Kolb J, Markl G (2021) Fluids associated with carbonatitic magmatism: a critical review and implications for carbonatite magma ascent. Earth-Science Reviews, 103509

  • Wang CM, He X, Carranza EJM, Cui C (2019) Paleoproterozoic volcanic rocks in the southern margin of the North China Craton, central China: implications for the Columbia supercontinent. Geosci Front 10:1543–1560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wedepohl KH (1995) The composition of the continental crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:1217–1232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei CW, Xu C, Chakhmouradian AR, Brenna M, Kynicky J, Song WL (2020) Carbon–strontium isotope decoupling in carbonatites from Caotan (Qinling, China): implications for the origin of calcite carbonatite in orogenic settings. J Petrol 61:egaa024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weidendorfer D, Schmidt MW, Mattsson HB (2017) A common origin of carbonatite magmas. Geology 45:507–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weng Z, Jowitt SM, Mudd GM, Haque N (2015) A detailed assessment of global rare earth element resources: opportunities and challenges. Econ Geol 110:1925–1952

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westra G, Keith SB (1981) Classification and genesis of stockwork molybdenum deposits. Econ Geol 76:844–873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams-Jones AE, Palmer DAS (2002) The evolution of aqueous–carbonic fluids in the Amba Dongar carbonatite, India: implications for fenitisation. Chem Geol 185:283–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu C, Wang L, Song W, Wu M (2010a) Carbonatites in China: a review for genesis and mineralization. Geosci Front 1:105–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu C, Kynicky J, Chakhmouradian AR, Qi L, Song W (2010b) A unique Mo deposit associated with carbonatites in the Qinling orogenic belt, central China. Lithos 118:50–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu C, Taylor RN, Kynicky J, Chakhmouradian AR, Song W, Wang L (2011) The origin of enriched mantle beneath North China block: evidence from young carbonatites. Lithos 127:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu C, Chakhmouradian AR, Taylor RN, Kynicky J, Li W, Song W, Fletcher IR (2014) Origin of carbonatites in the South Qinling orogen: implications for crustal recycling and timing of collision between the South and North China Blocks. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 143:189–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang F, Xue F, Santosh M, Wang G, Kim SW, Shen Z, Jia W, Zhang X (2019) Late Mesozoic magmatism in the East Qinling Orogen, China and its tectonic implications. Geosci Front 10:1803–1821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ying Y, Chen W, Lu J, Jiang SY, Yang Y (2017) In situ U–Th–Pb ages of the Miaoya carbonatite complex in the South Qinling orogenic belt, central China. Lithos 290:159–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Audétat A, Dolejš D (2012) Solubility of molybdenite (MoS2) in aqueous fluids at 600-800°C, 200MPa: a synthetic fluid inclusion study. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 77:175–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Cao H, Xu M, Zhang S, Tang L, Wang S, Pei Q, Cai G, Shen T (2018) Petrogenesis of the late Mesozoic highly fractionated I-type granites in the Luanchuan district: implications for the tectono-magmatic evolution of eastern Qinling. Geosci J 22:253–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Chen WT, Gao JF, Chen HK, Li JH (2019a) Two episodes of REE mineralization in the Qinling Orogenic Belt, Central China: in-situ U-Th-Pb dating of bastnäsite and monazite. Mineral Deposita 54:1265–1280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang D, Liu Y, Pan J, Dai T, Bayless RC (2019b) Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Miaoya REE prospect, Qinling orogenic Belt, China: Insights from Sr-Nd-C-O isotopes and LA-ICP-MS mineral chemistry. Ore Geol Rev 110:102932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng H, Chen H, Li D, Wu C, Chen X, Lai CK (2020) Timing of carbonatite-hosted U-polymetallic mineralization in the supergiant Huayangchuan deposit, Qinling Orogen: constraints from titanite U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os dating. Geosci Front 5:1581–1592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell K, Blenkinsop J (1987) Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of East African carbonatites: implications for mantle heterogeneity. Geology 15:99–102

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was jointly supported through the Open Research Project from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences (GPMR201825), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC0600504). The analytical work of this project was supported by an infrastructure grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG), grant number INST222/1235-1. The authors thank Yu Zhao, Roman Klinghardt, Xiao-Guang Li, Jiang-Yan Yuan, Dan-Feng Huang, and Yuan-Ming Sheng for their help in the field and analytical work. We thank Rolf L. Romer, Georges Beaudoin, Michael Anenburg, and two anonymous referees for their valuable editorial efforts and constructive comments that greatly improved the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth Sciences and Resources & State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, 29# Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China

    Li Tang, Shou-Ting Zhang, Bo Xu & Xin-Kai Hu

  2. Institute of Applied Mineralogy and Economic Geology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Thomas Wagner & Tobias Fusswinkel

  3. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Li-Hui Jia

Authors
  1. Li Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas Wagner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tobias Fusswinkel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shou-Ting Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Bo Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Li-Hui Jia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Xin-Kai Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Li Tang.

Additional information

Editorial handling: R. L. Romer

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

ESM 1

(PDF 77 kb)

ESM 2

(PDF 793 kb)

ESM 3

(PDF 654 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tang, L., Wagner, T., Fusswinkel, T. et al. Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of an unusual Mo-rich carbonatite: a case study using LA-ICP-MS fluid inclusion microanalysis and He–Ar isotopes from the Huangshui’an deposit, Qinling, China. Miner Deposita 56, 1133–1150 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01055-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01055-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation