Abstract
Key message
Tandem duplicated BoFLC1 genes (BoFLC1a and BoFLC1b), which were identified as the candidate causal genes for the non-flowering trait in the cabbage mutant ‘nfc’, were upregulated during winter in ‘nfc’.
Abstract
The non-flowering natural cabbage mutant ‘nfc’ was discovered from the breeding line ‘T15’ with normal flowering characteristics. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis underlying the non-flowering trait of ‘nfc’. First, ‘nfc’ was induced to flower using the grafting floral induction method, and three F2 populations were generated. The flowering phenotype of each F2 population was widely distributed with non-flowering individuals appearing in two populations. QTL-seq analysis detected a genomic region associated with flowering date at approximately 51 Mb on chromosome 9 in two of the three F2 populations. Subsequent validation and fine mapping of the candidate genomic region using QTL analysis identified the quantitative trait loci (QTL) at 50,177,696–51,474,818 bp on chromosome 9 covering 241 genes. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis in leaves and shoot apices of ‘nfc’ and ‘T15’ plants identified 19 and 15 differentially expressed genes related to flowering time, respectively. Based on these results, we identified tandem duplicated BoFLC1 genes, which are homologs of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C, as the candidate genes responsible for the non-flowering trait of ‘nfc’. We designated the tandem duplicated BoFLC1 genes as BoFLC1a and BoFLC1b. Expression analysis revealed that the expression levels of BoFLC1a and BoFLC1b were downregulated during winter in ‘T15’ but were upregulated and maintained during winter in ‘nfc’. Additionally, the expression level of the floral integrator BoFT was upregulated in the spring in ‘T15’ but hardly upregulated in ‘nfc’. These results suggest that the upregulated levels of BoFLC1a and BoFLC1b contributed to the non-flowering trait of ‘nfc’.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during the current study are available in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) repository, BioProject Accession PRJDB14394.
Abbreviations
- CAPS:
-
Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence
- Chr.:
-
Chromosome
- CIM:
-
Composite interval mapping
- DEGs:
-
Differentially expressed genes
- FC:
-
Fold-change
- FDR:
-
False discovery rate
- IM:
-
Interval mapping
- Indels:
-
Insertions/deletions
- LOD:
-
Logarithm of odds
- PCR:
-
Polymerase chain reaction
- qPCR:
-
Quantitative real-time PCR
- QTL:
-
Quantitative trait loci
- SI:
-
Support interval
- SNPs:
-
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
- TPM:
-
Transcripts per million
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Acknowledgements
We convey our special thanks to Dr. Susumu Yazawa, who discovered ‘nfc’ in 1978 and provided us with an abundance of valuable information. We are grateful to Dr. Motoaki Doi, Dr. Yoshiyuki Tanaka, and Dr. Sho Ohno for the helpful discussions. Dr. Kenta Shirasawa and Dr. Yasuo Yasui provided invaluable advice on bioinformatic analysis. We are grateful to the staff of the Kizu farm of Kyoto University for their technical assistance with cabbage cultivation. This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellow (No. 20J23812) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Computations were partially performed on the NIG supercomputer at ROIS National Institute of Genetics. Seeds of ‘Watanabe-seiko No. 1 (W1)’ (JP No. 25974) were kindly provided by the Genebank Project, NARO, Japan.
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The Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellow (No.20J23812) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
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MH contributed to the study conceptualization and supervised the study; YK conducted most of the experiments and drafted the original manuscript; KM conducted some experiments and contributed to the planning and interpretation of the results. All authors critically reviewed and revised the manuscript draft and approved the final version for submission.
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Kinoshita, Y., Motoki, K. & Hosokawa, M. Upregulation of tandem duplicated BoFLC1 genes is associated with the non-flowering trait in Brassica oleracea var. capitata. Theor Appl Genet 136, 41 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-023-04311-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-023-04311-3