Abstract
Cruzaine is the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi. Cruzaine is involved throughout the parasite’s life cycle in host cells, and is a promising target in the search for new antichagasic agents. Quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT B3LYP/cc-pVDZ) were performed to obtain nuclear magnetic resonance data and to optimize the geometry of four dihydrochalcones. The results showed good agreement with the experimental data and were used to suggest the relative stereochemistry of one of the four dihydrochalcones studied. In addition, we evaluated the interaction of cruzaine with these new inhibitors. We used molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations, and a per-residue energy decomposition method. It was observed that these molecules are capable of interacting with residues important for enzymatic activity, like Cys25, His161, and Asp160. The ranking of the inhibitors obtained from the binding free energy calculations is in agreement with that experimentally reported. The evaluation of the energy components involved in these calculations demonstrated that the van der Waals term is the major contributor to the drug–receptor stabilizing interactions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A Khan J, Wahab A, Javaid S, AL-Ghamdi M, Huwait E, Shaikh M, Shafqat A, Choudhary MI (2017) Studies on new urease inhibitors by using biochemical, STD-NMR spectroscopy, and molecular docking methods. Med Chem Res 26:2452–2467
Arafet K, Ferrer S, Moliner V (2017) Computational study of the catalytic mechanism of the cruzain cysteine protease. ACS Catal 7:1207–1215
Borges RS, Vale JKL, Pereira GAN, Veiga AAS, Junior JB, da Silva ABF, L Vale JK, N Pereira GA, S Veiga AA, Batista Jr. J, F da Silva AB (2016) An antioxidant mechanism of morphine and related derivatives. Med Chem Res 25:852–857
Brak K, Doyle PS, McKerrow JH, Ellman JA (2008) Identification of a new class of nonpeptidic inhibitors of cruzain. J Am Chem Soc 130:6404–6410
Brasil DSB, Alves CN, Guilhon GMSP, Muller AH, de S. Secco R, Peris G, Llusar R (2008) Crystal structure and theoretical study of IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectra of cordatin, a natural product with antiulcerogenic activity. Int J Quantum Chem 108:2564–2575
Burger MC, de M, Fernandes JB, da Silva MF, das GF, Escalante A, Prudhomme J, Le Roch KG, Izidoro MA, Vieira PC (2014) Structures and bioactivities of dihydrochalcones from Metrodorea stipularis. J Nat Prod 77:2418–2422
Caputto ME, Fabian LE, Benítez D, Merlino A, Ríos N, Cerecetto H, Moltrasio GY, Moglioni AG, González M, Finkielsztein LM (2011) Thiosemicarbazones derived from 1-indanones as new anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents. Bioorg Med Chem 19:6818–26
Carneiro CM, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Sales Jr. PA, Fonseca Murta SM, Salvador F, Molina I (2017) Experimental and clinical treatment of chagas disease: A review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97:1289–1303
Case DA, Cheatham TE, Darden T, Gohlke H, Luo R, Merz KM, Onufriev A, Simmerling C, Wang B, Woods RJ (2005) The Amber biomolecular simulation programs. J Comput Chem 26:1668–1688
Chagas C, Chagas C (1909) Nova tripanozomiaze humana: estudos sobre a morfolojia e o ciclo evolutivo do Schizotrypanum cruzi n. gen., n. sp., ajente etiolojico de nova entidade morbida do homem. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1:159–218
Chatelain E (2017) Chagas disease research and development: Is there light at the end of the tunnel? Comput Struct Biotechnol J 15:98–103
Cimino P, Gomez-Paloma L, Duca D, Riccio R, Bifulco G (2004) Comparison of different theory models and basis sets in the calculation of 13C NMR chemical shifts of natural products. Magn Reson Chem 42:S26–S33
Cornell WD, Cieplak P, Bayly CI, Kollman PA (1993) Application of RESP charges to calculate conformational energies, hydrogen bond energies, and free energies of solvation. J Am Chem Soc 115:9620–9631
Coura JR (2015) The main sceneries of Chagas disease transmission. The vectors, blood and oral transmissions-a comprehensive review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 110:277–82
Cruz JN, Costa JFS, Khayat AS, Kuca K, Barros CAL, Neto AMJC (2018) Molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy studies of novel leads belonging to the benzofuran class inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis polyketide synthase 13. J Biomol Struct Dyn 5:1–12
Darden T, York D, Pedersen L (1993) Particle mesh Ewald: An N ⋅log(N) method for Ewald sums in large systems. J Chem Phys 98:10089–10092
Dennington R, Keith TA, Millam JM (2015) GaussView Version 5 Semichem Inc., Shawnee Mission, KS.
Dolinsky TJ, Nielsen JE, McCammon JA, Baker NA (2004) PDB2PQR: an automated pipeline for the setup of Poisson-Boltzmann electrostatics calculations. Nucleic Acids Res 32:W665–W667
Farady CJ, Craik CS (2010) Mechanisms of macromolecular protease inhibitors. Chembiochem 11:2341–6
Frisch MJ, Trucks GW, Schlegel HB, Scuseria GE, Robb MA, Cheeseman JR, Scalmani G, Barone V, Mennucci B, Petersson GA, Nakatsuji H, Caricato M, Li X, Hratchian HP, Izmaylov AF, Bloino J, Zheng G, Sonnenberg JL, Hada M, Ehara M, Toyota K, Fukuda R, Hasegawa J, Ishida M, Nakajima T, Honda Y, Kitao O, Nakai H, Vreven T, Montgomery JA, Peralta JE, Ogliaro F, Bearpark M, Heyd JJ, Brothers E, Kudin KN, Staroverov VN, Kobayashi R, Normand J, Raghavachari K, Rendell A, Burant JC, Iyengar SS, Tomasi J, Cossi M, Rega N, Millam JM, Klene M, Knox JE, Cross JB, Bakken V, Adamo C, Jaramillo J, Gomperts R, Stratmann RE, Yazyev O, Austin AJ, Cammi R, Pomelli C, Ochterski JW, Martin RL, Morokuma K, Zakrzewski VG, Voth GA, Salvador P, Dannenberg JJ, Dapprich S, Daniels AD, Farkas, Foresman JB, Ortiz JV, Cioslowski J, Fox DJ (2009) Gaussian 09, Revision B.01. Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford, CT
Gauss J, Stanton JF (1995) Gauge‐invariant calculation of nuclear magnetic shielding constants at the coupled–cluster singles and doubles level. J Chem Phys 102:251–253
Genheden S, Ryde U (2015) The MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA methods to estimate ligand-binding affinities. Expert Opin Drug Discov 10:449–461
Gohlke H, Kiel C, Case DA (2003) Insights into protein-protein binding by binding free energy calculation and free energy decomposition for the Ras-Raf and Ras-RalGDS complexes. J Mol Biol 330:891–913
Huang L, Brinen LS, Ellman JA (2003) Crystal structures of reversible ketone-Based inhibitors of the cysteine protease cruzain. Bioorg Med Chem 11:21–29
Izaguirre JA, Catarello DP, Wozniak JM, Skeel RD (2001) Langevin stabilization of molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 114:2090–2098
Jorgensen WL, Chandrasekhar J, Madura JD, Impey RW, Klein ML (1983) Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water. J Chem Phys 79:926–935
Kaur K, Kumar V, Beniwal V, Kumar V, Aneja KR, Sharma V, Jaglan S (2015) Solvent-free synthesis of novel (E)-2-(3,5-dimethyl-4-(aryldiazenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-arylthiazoles: determination of their biological activity. Med Chem Res 24:3863–3875
Kollman PA, Massova I, Reyes C, Kuhn B, Huo S, Chong L, Lee M, Lee T, Duan Y, Wang W, Donini O, Cieplak P, Srinivasan J, Case DA, Cheatham TE (2000) Calculating structures and free energies of complex molecules: combining molecular mechanics and continuum models. Acc Chem Res 33:889–97
Laskowski M, Qasim MA (2000) What can the structures of enzyme-inhibitor complexes tell us about the structures of enzyme substrate complexes? Biochim Biophys Acta-Protein Struct Mol Enzymol 1477:324–337
Lee C, Yang W, Parr RG (1988) Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 37:785–789
Magalhaes Moreira DR, de Oliveira ADT, Teixeira de Moraes Gomes PA, de Simone CA, Villela FS, Ferreira RS, da Silva AC, dos Santos TAR, Brelaz de Castro MCA, Pereira VRA, Leite ACL (2014) Conformational restriction of aryl thiosemicarbazones produces potent and selective anti-Trypanosoma cruzi compounds which induce apoptotic parasite death. Eur J Med Chem 75:467–478
Maier JA, Martinez C, Kasavajhala K, Wickstrom L, Hauser KE, Simmerling C (2015) ff14SB: Improving the accuracy of protein side chain and backbone parameters from ff99SB. J Chem Theory Comput 11:3696–3713
Massarico Serafim RA, Gonçalves JE, de Souza FP, de Melo Loureiro AP, Storpirtis S, Krogh R, Andricopulo AD, Dias LC, Ferreira EI (2014) Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of hybrid bioisoster derivatives of N-acylhydrazone and furoxan groups with potential and selective anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Eur J Med Chem 82:418–425
McGrath ME, Eakin AE, Engel JC, McKerrow JH, Craik CS, Fletterick RJ (1995) The crystal structure of cruzain: A therapeutic target for Chagas’ disease. J Mol Biol 247:251–259
Miertuš S, Scrocco E, Tomasi J (1981) Electrostatic interaction of a solute with a continuum. A direct utilizaion of AB initio molecular potentials for the prevision of solvent effects. Chem Phys 55:117–129
Moreira RYO, Brasil DSB, Alves CN, Guilhon GMSP, Santos LS, Arruda MSP, Müller AH, Barbosa PS, Abreu AS, Silva EO, Rumjanek VM, Souza J, da Silva ABF, Santos RH, de A (2008) Crystal structure and theoretical calculations of Julocrotine, a natural product with antileishmanial activity. Int J Quantum Chem 108:513–520
Morillo CA, Marin-Neto JA, Avezum A, Sosa-Estani S, Rassi A, Rosas F, Villena E, Quiroz R, Bonilla R, Britto C, Guhl F, Velazquez E, Bonilla L, Meeks B, Rao-Melacini P, Pogue J, Mattos A, Lazdins J, Rassi A, Connolly SJ, Yusuf S (2015) Randomized trial of benznidazole for chronic chagas’ cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 373:1295–1306
Pérez-Molina JA, Molina I (2018) Chagas disease. Lancet (Lond, Engl) 391:82–94
Rauhut G, Puyear S, Wolinski K, Pulay P (1996) Comparison of NMR shieldings calculated from Hartree−Fock and density functional wave functions using gauge-including atomic orbitals. J Phys Chem 100:6310–6316
Ryckaert JP, Ciccotti G, Berendsen HJC (1977) Numerical integration of the cartesian equations of motion of a system with constraints: molecular dynamics of n-alkanes. J Comput Phys 23:327–341
Serafim RAM, de Oliveira TF, Loureiro APM, Krogh R, Andricopulo AD, Dias LC, Ferreira EI (2017) Molecular modeling and structure–activity relationships studies of bioisoster hybrids of N-acylhydrazone and furoxan groups on cruzain. Med Chem Res 26:760–769
Thomsen R, Christensen MH (2006) MolDock: A new technique for high-accuracy molecular docking. J Med Chem 49:3315–3321
Turk D, Guncar G, Podobnik M, Turk B (1998) Revised definition of substrate binding sites of papain-like cysteine proteases. Biol Chem 379:137–47
Wang J, Cieplak P, Kollman PA (2000) How well does a restrained electrostatic potential (RESP) model perform in calculating conformational energies of organic and biological molecules? J Comput Chem 21:1049–1074
Wang J, Wolf RM, Caldwell JW, Kollman PA, Case DA (2004) Development and testing of a general amber force field. J Comput Chem 25:1157–1174
Wiggers HJ, Rocha JR, Fernandes WB, Sesti-Costa R, Carneiro ZA, Cheleski J, da Silva ABF, Juliano L, Cezari MHS, Silva JS, McKerrow JH, Montanari CA (2013) Non-peptidic cruzain inhibitors with trypanocidal activity discovered by virtual screening and in vitro assay. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2370
Wild DJ (2005) MINITAB Release 14. J Chem Inf Model 45:212
Acknowledgements
Jorddy N. Cruz appreciate the support of the Federal University of Pará and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Costa, R.A., Cruz, J.N., Nascimento, F.C.A. et al. Studies of NMR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation of new promising inhibitors of cruzaine from the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Med Chem Res 28, 246–259 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-018-2280-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-018-2280-z