Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Structural modification of diarylpyrimidine derivatives as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Medicinal Chemistry Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As a continuing and exploratory work on diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors, bulky and electron-rich naphthyl was introduced into the structure of DAPYs to replace the phenyl left wing of DAPYs, which is aimed to improve the ππ stacking interactions between inhibitors and some aromatic amino acid residues within the binding pocket of RT. The title compound 1a, with a 1-naphthyl left wing, displayed good inhibitory activity against wild-type HIV-1 (EC50 = 0.071 μM), along with moderate inhibitory activity against HIV-2 (EC50 = 6.5 μM).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Scheme 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Chan JH, Freeman GA, Tidwell JH, Romines KR, Schaller LT, Cowan JR, Gonzales SS, Lowell CW, Andrews C III, Reynolds DJ, St. Clair M, Hazen RJ, Ferris RG, Creech KL, Roberts GB, Short SA, Weaver K, Koszalka GW, Boone LR (2004) Novel benzophenones as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of HIV-1. J Med Chem 47:1175–1182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Zhan P, Li D, De Clercq E, Liu X (2011) Recent advances in DAPYs and related analogues as HIV-1 NNRTIs. Curr Med Chem 18:359–376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Clercq E (2001) New developments in anti-HIV chemotherapy. Curr Med Chem 8:1543–1572

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng X-Q, Liang Y-H, Zeng Z-S, Chen F-E, Balzarini J, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E (2009) Structural modifications of DAPY analogues with potent anti-HIV-1 activity. ChemMedChem 4:219–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu SX, He QQ, Yang SQ, Ma XD, Chen FE, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Pannecouque C (2011a) Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of novel diarylpyrimidines with hydromethyl linker (CH(OH)-DAPYs) as HIV-1 NNRTIs. Bioorg Med Chem 19:5117–5124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu SX, Zhang X, He QQ, Yang LM, Ma XD, Zheng YT, Yang SQ, Chen FE (2011b) Synthesis and biological evaluation of naphthyl phenyl ethers (NPEs) as novel nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 19:4220–4226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ji L, Chen FE, Feng XQ, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Pannecouque C (2006) Non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors, part 7. Synthesis, antiviral activity, and 3D-QSAR investigations of novel 6-(1-naphthoyl) HEPT analogues. Chem Pharm Bull 54:1248–1253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ji L, Chen F-E, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Pannecouque C (2007) Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 activity evaluation of 5-alkyl-2-alkylthio-6-(arylcarbonyl or α-cyanoarylmethyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-ones as novel non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Med Chem 50:1778–1786

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang Y-H, Chen F-E (2009) QSAR studies for diarylpyrimidines against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase wild-type and mutant strains. Eur J Med Chem 44:625–631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ludovici DW, De Corte BL, Kukla MJ, Ye H, Ho CY, Lichtenstein MA, Kavash RW, Andries K, de Béthune MP, Azijn H, Pauwels R, Lewi P, Heeres J, Koymans LMH, de Jonge MR, Van Aken KJA, Daeyaert FFD, Das K, Arnold E, Janssen PAJ (2001a) Evolution of anti-HIV drug candidates. Part 3: diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11:2235–2239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ludovici DW, Kavash RW, Kukla MJ, Ho CY, Ye H, Corte BLD, Andries K, de Béthune M-P, Azijn H, Pauwels R, Moereels HEL, Heeres J, Koymans LMH, de Jonge MR, Van Aken KJA, Daeyaert FFD, Lewi PJ, Das K, Arnold E, Janssen PAJ (2001b) Evolution of anti-HIV drug candidates. part 2:diaryltriazine (DATA) analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11:2229–2234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehellou Y, De Clercq E (2010) Twenty-six years of anti-HIV drug discovery: where do we stand and where do we go? J Med Chem 53:521–538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meng G, Chen FE, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Pannecouque C (2003) Nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors: part I. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of 1-alkoxymethyl-5-alkyl-6-naphthylmethyl uracils as HEPT analogues. Chem Pharm Bull 51:779–789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pannecouque C, Daelemans D, De Clercq E (2008) Tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay for the detection of HIV replication inhibitors: revisited 20 years later. Nat Protoc 3:427–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pauwels R, Balzarini J, Baba M, Snoeck R, Schols D, Herdewijn P, Desmyter J, De Clercq E (1988) Rapid and automated tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay for the detection of anti-HIV compounds. J Virol Methods 20:309–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radi M, Falciani C, Contemori L, Petricci E, Maga G, Samuele A, Zanoli S, Terrazas M, Castria M, Togninelli A, Esté JA, Clotet-Codina I, Armand-Ugón M, Botta M (2008) A multidisciplinary approach for the identification of novel HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: S-DABOCs and DAVPs. ChemMedChem 3:573–593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romines KR, Freeman GA, Schaller LT, Cowan JR, Gonzales SS, Tidwell JH, Andrews CW III, Stammers DK, Hazen RJ, Ferris RG, Short SA, Chan JH, Boone LR (2006) Structure–activity relationship studies of novel benzophenones leading to the discovery of a potent, next generation HIV nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. J Med Chem 49:727–739

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rotili D, Tarantino D, Artico M, Nawrozkij MB, Gonzalez-Ortega E, Clotet B, Samuele A, Esté JA, Maga G, Mai A (2011) Diarylpyrimidine–dihydrobenzyloxopyrimidine hybrids: new, wide-spectrum anti-HIV-1 agents active at (sub)-nanomolar level. J Med Chem 54:3091–3096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney ZK, Kennedy-Smith JJ, Wu J, Arora N, Billedeau JR, Davidson JP, Fretland J, Hang JQ, Heilek GM, Harris SF, Hirschfeld D, Inbar P, Javanbakht H, Jernelius JA, Jin Q, Li Y, Liang W, Roetz R, Sarma K, Smith M, Stefanidis D, Su G, Suh JM, Villaseñor AG, Welch M, Zhang F-J, Klumpp K (2009) Diphenyl ether non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with excellent potency against resistant mutant viruses and promising pharmacokinetic properties. ChemMedChem 4:88–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YP, Chen FE, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C (2008) Non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitors part 101) synthesis and anti-HIV activity of 5-alkyl-6-(1-naphthylmethyl)pyrimidin-4(3h)-ones with a mono- or disubstituted 2-amino function as novel dihydro-alkoxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidine/(DABO) analogues. Chem Biodivers 5:168–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong YZ, Chen FE, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C (2008) Non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Part 11: structural modulations of diaryltriazines with potent anti-HIV activity. Eur J Med Chem 43:1230–1236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng ZS, Liang YH, Feng XQ, Chen FE, Pannecouque C, Balzarini J, De Clercq E (2010) Lead optimization of diarylpyrimidines as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. ChemMedChem 5:837–840

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30672536), the K.U. Leuven (GOA No. 10/14), and Hubei Provincial Department of Education (No. Q20141505, No. XD2014154), Wuhan Institute of Technology Scientific Research Fund (No. 10128301) for the financial support of this research. We thank Mrs. K. Erven, Mr. K. Uyttersprot, and Mr. Hua-Wei Liu for excellent technical assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Shuang-Xi Gu or Fen-Er Chen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gu, SX., Zhu, YY., Chen, FE. et al. Structural modification of diarylpyrimidine derivatives as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 24, 220–225 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-014-1119-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-014-1119-5

Keywords

Navigation