Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Diversity and distribution of ant assemblages above and below ground in a West African forest–savannah mosaic (Lamto, Côte d’Ivoire)

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Insectes Sociaux Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Habitat heterogeneity has a complex effect on ant species richness and community structure (both alpha- and beta-diversity). Savannahs and forests are thought to have distinct species assemblages, but studies comparing savannah–forest mosaics produced conflicting results, with savannah (the less complex ecosystem) poorer in species, equally rich, or richer than forest (the most complex habitat). We compared subterranean and above ground ant assemblages in savannah and forests of Lamto Reserve (Côte d’Ivoire) to examine how habitat heterogeneity and vertical stratification drive species composition and structure patterns. The Ants of the Leaf Litter (ALL) protocol and soil monolith were used to sample ants along 16 transects of 200 m in the three main habitats (gallery forest, forest islands, and savannah). In total, 138 species from 44 genera were collected. Forested habitats held assemblages that matched those found in savannah in terms of species density and richness; however, they differed in composition. Taxonomic structure varied among habitats, with Formicinae and Amblyoponinae prevailing in savannah, and Myrmicinae numerically dominant in forests. Ants were clearly vertically stratified. Subterranean assemblages had a less even distribution of occurrences among species as compared to above ground ones. The patterns observed agree with the heterogeneity-diversity theory relative to beta-diversity but not alpha-diversity, emphasizing the difficulty to generalize across continents about factors structuring ant assemblages. Our results support the need to conserve both forest and savannah to maintain biodiversity at landscape level in Côte d’Ivoire.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adjanohoun E (1964) Végétation des savanes et des rochers découverts en d’Ivoire centrale. Memoir ORSTOM 7, Paris, p 178

  • Agosti D, Alonso LE (2000) The ALL protocol. In: Agosti D, Majer JD, Alonso LE, Schultz TR (eds) ANTS: standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, pp 204–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen AN (1991) Sampling communities of ground-foraging ants: pitfall catches compared with quadrat counts in an Australian tropical savannah. Aust J Ecol 16:273–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen AN, Brault A (2010) Exploring a new biodiversity frontier: subterranean ants in northern Australia. Biodivers Conserv 19:2741–2750. doi:10.1007/s10531-010-9874-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen AN, van Ingen LT, Campos RI (2007) Constrasting rainforest and savanna ant faunas in monsoonal northern Australia: a rainforest patch in a tropical savanna landscape. Aust J Zool 55:363–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avenard JM (1969) Réflexions sur l’état de la recherche concernant les problèmes posés par le contact forêt-savane. Essai de mise au point et de la bibliographie. ORSTOM series Initiations et Documentations Techniques 14, Paris, p 149

  • Beale CM, van Rensberg S, Bond WJ, Coughenour M, Fynn R, Gaylard A, Grant R, Harris B, Jones T, Mduma S, Owen-Smith N, Sinclair ARE (2013) Ten lessons for the conservation of African savannah ecosystems. Biol Conserv 167:224–232. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.08.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belshaw R, Bolton B (1994) A survey of the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana, West Africa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J Hymenopt Res 3:5–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Berghoff SM, Maschwitz U, Linsenmair KE (2003) Hypogaeic and epigaeic ant diversity on Borneo: evaluation of baited sieve buckets as a study method. Trop Zool 16:153–163. doi:10.1080/03946975.2003.10531192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berman M, Andersen AN (2012) New Caledonia has a depauperate subterranean ant fauna, despite spectacular radiations above ground. Biodivers Conserv 21:2489–2497. doi:10.1007/s10531-012-0309-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond WJ, Parr CL (2010) Beyond the forest edge: ecology, diversity and conservation of the grassy biomes. Biol Conserv 143:2395–2404. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet E, Van de Peer Y (2002) zt: a software tool for simple and partial Mantel tests. J Stat Softw 7:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonvallot J, Dugerdil M, Duviard D (1970) Recherches écologiques dans la savane de Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire): répartition de la végétation dans la savane pré-forestière. La Terre et la Vie 24:3–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandão CRF, Feitosa RM, Schmidt FA, Solar RRC (2008) Rediscovery of the putatively extinct ant species Simopelta minima (Brandão) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), with a discussion on rarity and conservation status of ant species. Rev Bras Entomol 52:480–483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brühl CA, Gunsalam G, Linsenmair KE (1998) Stratification of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary rain forest in Sabah, Borneo. J Trop Ecol 14:285–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calcaterra LA, Cuezzo F, Cabrera SM, Briano JA (2010) Ground ant diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Iberá Nature Reserve, the largest wetland of Argentina. Ann Entomol Soc Am 103:71–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos RI, Lopes CT, Magalhães WCS, Vasconcelos HL (2008) Estratificação vertical de formigas em Cerrado strictu sensu no Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás, Brasil. Iheringia Sér Zool 98:311–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campos RI, Vasconcelos HL, Andersen AN, Frizzo TLM, Spena KC (2011) Multi-scale ant diversity in savanna woodlands: an intercontinental comparison. Austral Ecol 36:983–992. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02255.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke K (1990) Comparisons of dominance curves. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 138:143–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke K and Gorley R (2006) Primer v6: User manual/tutorial.Plymouth: Primer-E

  • Colwell RK (2013) EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 9.1. User’s Guide and application published at: http://purl.oclc.org/estimates

  • Colwell RK, Chao A, Gotelli NJ, Lin SY, Mao CX, Chazdon RL, Longino JT (2012) Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages. J Plant Ecol 5(1):3–21. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtr044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delabie JHC, Fowler HG (1995) Soil and litter cryptic ant assemblages in Bahian cocoa plantations. Pedobiologia 39:423–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Devineau J-L (1975) Etude quantitative des forêts galeries de Lamto (Moyenne Côte d’Ivoire). Thèse de Doctorat 3è cycle, Université Paris 6, p 190

  • Devineau J-L (1984) Structure dynamique de quelques forêts tropicales de l’Ouest africain (Côte d’Ivoire). Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat de l’Université Pierre et Marie Curie p 294

  • Dosso K, Yéo K, Konaté S and Linsenmair KE (2012) Importance of protected areas for biodiversity conservation in central Côte d’Ivoire: Comparison of termite assemblages between two neighbouring areas under differing levels of disturbance. J Insect Sci 12: 131. Available online 12:131. Available online: http://www.insectscience.org/12.131

  • Dosso K, Deligne J, Yéo K, Konaté S, Linsenmair KE (2013) Changes in the termite assemblage across a sequence of land-use systems in the rural area around Lamto Reserve in central Côte d’Ivoire. J Insect Conserv 17:1047–1057. doi:10.1007/s10841-013-9588-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dufrêne M, Legendre P (1997) Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol Monogr 67:345–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn RR, Guénard B, Weiser MD and Sanders NJ (2010). Geographic gradients. In Lach L, Parr CL, Abbott KL Ant Ecology. Oxford University Press, pp 38–58

  • Fahr J, Kalko EKV (2011) Biome transitions as centres of diversity: habitat heterogeneity and diversity patterns of West African bat assemblages across spatial scales. Ecography 34:177–195. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.05510.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes IO, Souza JLP, Fernández FC, Delabie JHC, Schultz TR (2015) A new species of Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Brazil and Costa Rica. Zootaxa 3956(2):295–300. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer F (2004) Status of the Comoé National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, and the effects of war. Parks 14:17–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher BL (1997) A comparison of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on serpentine and non serpentine soils in northern California. Insect soc 44:23–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher BL (1999) Improving inventory efficiency: A case study of leaf-litter ant diversity in Madagascar. Ecol Appl 9:714–731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher BL, Robertson HG (2002) Comparison and origin of forest and grassland ant assemblages in the High plateau of Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biotropica 34:155–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher BL, Malsh AKF, Gadagkar R, Delabie JHC, Vasconcelos HL, Majer JD (2000) Applying the ALL protocol. In: Agosti D, Majer JD, Alonso LE, Schultz TR (eds) ANTS: standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, pp 207–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler HG, Delabie JHC, Moutinho PRS (2000) Hypogaeic and epigaeic ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) assemblages of Atlantic costal rainforest and dry mature and secondary Amazon forest in Brazil: continuums or communities. Tropical Ecology 41:73–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier L (1990) Carte du recouvrement ligneux de Lamto. Echelle: 1/10000. Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique de Genève, Genève

  • Gonedelé Bi S, Koné I, Bitty AE, Béné Koffi JC, Akpatou B, Zinner D (2012) Distribution and conservation status of catarrhine primates in Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa). Folia Primatol 83:11–23. doi:10.1159/000338752

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guillaumet JL (1967) Recherches sur la végétation et la flore de la région du Bas-Cavally (Côte d’Ivoire). Memoir ORSTOM 20, Paris, p 240

  • Hardy O (2005) BiodivR 1.0. A program to compute statistically unbiases indices of species diversity within samples and species similarity between samples using rarefaction principles. Université Libre de Bruxelles

  • Hashimoto Y, Morimoto Y, Widodo ES, Mohamed M (2006) Vertical distribution pattern of ants in a Bornean tropical rainforest (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47:697–710

    Google Scholar 

  • Itino T, Yamane S (1995) The vertical distribution of ants on canopy trees in a Bornean lowland rain forest. Tropics 4:277–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacquemin J, Drouet T, Delsinne T, Roisin Y, Leponce M (2012) Soil properties only weakly affect subterranean ant distribution at small spatial scales. Appl soil Ecol 62:163–169. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2012.08.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaspari M, O’Donnel S, Kercher JR (2000) Energy, density, and constraints to species richness: ant assemblages along a productivity gradient. Am Nat 155:280–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaspari M, Yuan M, Alonso L (2003) Spatial grain and gradients of ant species richness. Am Nat 161:459–477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaspari M, Ward PS, Yuan M (2004) Energy gradients and the geographic distribution of local ant diversity. Oecologia 140:407–413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kone M, Konate S, Yeo K, Kouassi PK, Linsenmair KE (2012) Changes in ant communities along an age gradient of cocoa cultivation in the Oumé region, central Côte d’Ivoire. Entomol Sci 15:324–339. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2012.00520.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamotte M and Tireford JL (1988) Le climat de la savane de Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire) et sa place dans les climats de l’Ouest africain. Travaux de Recherche de Lamto vol. 8, p 146

  • Lassau SA, Hochuli DF (2004) Effects of habitat complexity on ant assemblages. Ecography 27:157–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lévieux J (1971) Données écologiques et biologiques sur le peuplement en fourmis terricoles d’une savane préforestière de Côte d’Ivoire. Thèse de Doctorat de la Faculté des Sciences de Paris, p 288

  • Lévieux J (1983) Soil fauna of tropical savannahs: 4 The ants. In: Bourlière F (ed) Tropical savannahs pp 525–540. Elsevier, Amsterdam

  • Longino JT, Coddington J, Colwell RK (2002) The ant fauna of a tropical rain forest: estimating species richness, three different ways. Ecology 83:689–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch JF, Johnson AK, Balinsky EC (1988) Spatial and temporal variation in the abundance and diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the soil and litter layers of a Maryland forest. Am Midl Nat 119:31–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maguran AE (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, p 256

    Google Scholar 

  • Mangenot G (1955) Etude sur les forêts des plaines et plateaux de Côte d’Ivoire. Etudes Eburnéennes 6:5–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Maravalhas J, Vasconcelos HL (2014) Revisiting the pyrodiversity–biodiversity hypothesis: long-term fire regimes and the structure of ant communities in a Neotropical savanna hotspot. J Appl Ecol 51:1661–1668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCoy ED, Bell SS (1991) Habitat structure: the evolution and diversification of a complex topic. In: McCoy ED, Bell SS and Mushinsky HR (eds) Habitat structure: the physical arrangements of objects in space, Chapman & Hall, pp 3–27

  • McCune B and Mefford MJ (1999) PC-ORD – Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data, Version 5.0. MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA

  • McGeoch MA, van Rensburg BJ, Botes A (2002) The verification and application of bioindicators: a case study of dung beetles in a savannah ecosystem. J Appl Ecol 39:661–672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menaut JC (1971) Etude de quelques peuplements ligneux d’une savane guinéenne de Côte d’Ivoire. Thèse de doctorat 3ème cycle (Faculté des sciences de Paris), 141 pp

  • Menaut JC, Cesar J (1979) Structure and primary productivity of Lamto savannas, Ivory Coast. Ecology 60:1197–1210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neves FS, Queiroz-Dantas KS, da Rocha WD, Delabie JHC (2013) Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in canopy cover. Neotrop Entomol 42:258–268. doi:10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco R, Vasconcelos HL (2012a) Habitat diversity enhances ant diversity in a naturally heterogeneous Brazilian landscape. Biodivers Conserv 21:797–809. doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0221-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco R, Vasconcelos HL (2012b) Subterranean pitfall traps: is it worth including them in your ant sampling protocol? Psyche. doi:10.1155/2012/870794

    Google Scholar 

  • Parr CL, Sinclair BJ, Andersen AN, Gaston KJ, Chown SL (2005) Constraint and competition in assemblages: a cross-continental and modeling approach for ants. Am Nat 165:481–494

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parr CL, Lehmann CER, Bond WJ, Hoffmann WA, Andersen AN (2014) Tropical grassy biomes: misunderstood, neglected, and under threat. Trends Ecol Evol 29:205–213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peltre P (1977) Le « V Baoulé » (Côte d’Ivoire centrale). Héritage géomorphologique et paléoclimatique dans le tracé du contact forêt-savane. Travaux et Document de l’ORSTOM N°80, p 197

  • Philpott SM, Perfecto I, Armbrecht I, Parr CL (2010) Ant diversity and function in disturbed and changing habitats. In: Lach L, Parr C, Abbott K (eds) Ant ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 137–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Portère R (1950) Problèmes sur la végétation de la basse Côte d’Ivoire. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 97:153–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabeling C, Brown JM, Verhaagh M (2008) Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. P Natl Acad Sci USA 105:14913–14917

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryder Wilkie KT, Mertl AL, Traniello JFA (2007) Biodiversity below ground: probing the subterranean ant fauna of Amazonia. Naturwissenschaften 94:725–731. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0250-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt FA, Diehl E (2008) What is the effect of soil use on ant communities? Neotrop Entomol 37:381–388

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt FA, Solar RRC (2010) Hypogaeic pitfall traps: methodological advances and remarks to improve the sampling of a hidden ant fauna. Insect Soc 57:261–266. doi:10.1007/s00040-010-0078-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt FA, Feitosa RM, de Moraes Rezende F, Silva de Jesus R (2013) News on the enigmatic ant genus Anillidris (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae: Leptomyrmecini). Myrmecological News 19:25–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva RR, Silvestre R (2004) Riqueza da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) que habita as camadas superficiais do solo em Seara, Santa Catarina. Papéis Avulsos Zoologia 44:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Spichiger R (1977) Contribution à l’étude du contact entre flore sèche et humide sur les lisières des formations forestières humides sémi-décidues du V Baoulé et de son extension nord-ouest. Bulletin de liaison des chercheurs de Lamto, numéro spécial fascicule 1, Paris, p 261

  • Stein A, Kreft H (2015) Terminology and quantification of environmental heterogeneity in species-richness research. Biol Rev 90:815–836. doi:10.1111/brv.12135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein A, Gerstner K, Kreft H (2014) Environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa, biomes and spatial scales. Ecol Lett 17:866–880. doi:10.1111/ele.12277

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tews J, Brose U, Grimm V, Tielbörger K, Wichmann MC, Schwager M, Jeltsch F (2004) Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures. J Biogeogr 31:79–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Ingen LT, Campos RI, Andersen AN (2008) Ant community structure along an extended rain forest–savanna gradient in tropical Australia. J Trop Ecol 24:445–455. doi:10.1017/S0266467408005166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasconcelos HL, Vilhena JMS (2006) Species turnover and vertical partitioning of ant assemblages in the Brazilian Amazon: a comparison of forests and savannas. Biotropica 38:100–106. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00113.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veldman JW, Buisson E, Durigan G, Fernandes GW, Le Stradic S, Mahy G, Negreiros D, Overbeck GE, Veldman RG, Zaloumis NP, Putz FE, Bond WJ (2015) Toward an old-growth concept for grasslands, savannas, and woodlands. Front Ecol Environ 13:154–162. doi:10.1890/140270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaag M, Rościszewski K (1994) Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of forest and savanna in the Biosphere Reserve Beni, Bolivia. Andrias 13:199–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetterer J (2010) Worldwide spread of the pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 13:115–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetterer J (2012) Worldwide spread of the African big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 17:51–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanoviak SP, Kaspari M (2000) Community structure and the habitat templet: ants in the tropical forest canopy and litter. Oikos 89:259–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This Project was conducted at Lamto Ecology Station in Côte d’Ivoire and the authors are grateful to Kouakou Firmin and Kouassi Kouassi (Apo) for their help during field work. The authors thank Brian L. Fisher and anonymous referees for their constructive comments on previous versions of the manuscript. The authors are grateful to Barry Bolton, Stephan Cover, and Gary Alpert as well as Janine Casevitz-Weulersse for their help during ant identification at Natural History Museum (London), Museum of Comparative Zoology (Cambridge), and Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), respectively. This work was financed by the French government (co-tutelle de thèse 2002-2004), Conservation International (Rapid Assessment Programs), and the Ernst Mayr Grant (Harvard University). Thibaut Delsinne thanks the Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCYT) of the Government of Ecuador for financial support (Prometeo Grant) during the statistical analyses and writing of this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, UMR CNRS, 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France

    K. Yeo & C. Peeters

  2. Station d’écologie de Lamto, Université Nangui Abrogoua, BP 28, N’Douci, Côte d’Ivoire

    K. Yeo, S. Konate & D. Aïdara

  3. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Colecciones Biológicas (MUTPL), Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja, Ecuador

    T. Delsinne

  4. Société d’Histoire Naturelle Alcide-d’Orbigny, 57 rue de Gergovie, 63170, Aubière, France

    T. Delsinne

  5. Global Wildlife Conservation, P.O. Box 129, Austin, TX, 78767, USA

    L. L. Alonso

Authors
  1. K. Yeo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. Delsinne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Konate
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. L. L. Alonso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. D. Aïdara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. C. Peeters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. Yeo.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (XLSX 78 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yeo, K., Delsinne, T., Konate, S. et al. Diversity and distribution of ant assemblages above and below ground in a West African forest–savannah mosaic (Lamto, Côte d’Ivoire). Insect. Soc. 64, 155–168 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-016-0527-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-016-0527-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation