Abstract
We perform a complementarity study of gravitational waves and colliders in the context of electroweak phase transitions choosing as our template the xSM model, which consists of the Standard Model augmented by a real scalar. We carefully analyze the gravitational wave signal at benchmark points compatible with a first order phase transition, taking into account subtle issues pertaining to the bubble wall velocity and the hydrodynamics of the plasma. In particular, we comment on the tension between requiring bubble wall velocities small enough to produce a net baryon number through the sphaleron process, and large enough to obtain appreciable gravitational wave production. For the most promising benchmark models, we study resonant di-Higgs production at the high-luminosity LHC using machine learning tools: a Gaussian process algorithm to jointly search for optimum cut thresholds and tuning hyperparameters, and a boosted decision trees algorithm to discriminate signal and background. The multivariate analysis on the collider side is able either to discover or provide strong statistical evidence of the benchmark points, opening the possibility for complementary searches for electroweak phase transitions in collider and gravitational wave experiments.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
S. Profumo, M.J. Ramsey-Musolf and G. Shaughnessy, Singlet Higgs phenomenology and the electroweak phase transition, JHEP 08 (2007) 010 [arXiv:0705.2425] [INSPIRE].
S. Profumo, M.J. Ramsey-Musolf, C.L. Wainwright and P. Winslow, Singlet-catalyzed electroweak phase transitions and precision Higgs boson studies, Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 035018 [arXiv:1407.5342] [INSPIRE].
T. Huang et al., Resonant di-Higgs boson production in the bbW W channel: probing the electroweak phase transition at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 035007 [arXiv:1701.04442] [INSPIRE].
D.E. Morrissey and M.J. Ramsey-Musolf, Electroweak baryogenesis, New J. Phys. 14 (2012) 125003 [arXiv:1206.2942] [INSPIRE].
J.R. Espinosa, T. Konstandin, J.M. No and G. Servant, Energy budget of cosmological first-order phase transitions, JCAP 06 (2010) 028 [arXiv:1004.4187] [INSPIRE].
J.M. No, Large gravitational wave background signals in electroweak baryogenesis scenarios, Phys. Rev. D 84 (2011) 124025 [arXiv:1103.2159] [INSPIRE].
A. Alves, T. Ghosh and K. Sinha, Can we discover double Higgs production at the LHC?, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 035022 [arXiv:1704.07395] [INSPIRE].
J. Bergstra, Hyperopt: distributed asynchronous hyper-parameter optimization, https://github.com/jaberg/hyperopt.
T. Chen and C. Guestrin, XGBoost: a scalable tree boosting system, https://github.com/dmlc/xgboost.
Virgo, LIGO Scientific collaboration, B.P. Abbott et al., Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (2016) 061102 [arXiv:1602.03837] [INSPIRE].
LISA collaboration, H. Audley et al., Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, arXiv:1702.00786 [INSPIRE].
C. Caprini et al., Science with the space-based interferometer eLISA. II: gravitational waves from cosmological phase transitions, JCAP 04 (2016) 001 [arXiv:1512.06239] [INSPIRE].
R.G. Cai et al., The gravitational-wave physics, Natl. Sci. Rev. 4 (2017) 687 [arXiv:1703.00187] [INSPIRE].
D.J. Weir, Gravitational waves from a first order electroweak phase transition: a brief review, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 376 (2018) 20170126 [arXiv:1705.01783] [INSPIRE].
P. Huang, A.J. Long and L.-T. Wang, Probing the electroweak phase transition with Higgs factories and gravitational waves, Phys. Rev. D 94 (2016) 075008 [arXiv:1608.06619] [INSPIRE].
K. Hashino, M. Kakizaki, S. Kanemura and T. Matsui, Synergy between measurements of gravitational waves and the triple-Higgs coupling in probing the first-order electroweak phase transition, Phys. Rev. D 94 (2016) 015005 [arXiv:1604.02069] [INSPIRE].
K. Hashino et al., Gravitational waves and Higgs boson couplings for exploring first order phase transition in the model with a singlet scalar field, Phys. Lett. B 766 (2017) 49 [arXiv:1609.00297] [INSPIRE].
A. Beniwal et al., Gravitational wave, collider and dark matter signals from a scalar singlet electroweak baryogenesis, JHEP 08 (2017) 108 [arXiv:1702.06124] [INSPIRE].
D. Croon, V. Sanz and G. White, Model discrimination in gravitational wave spectra from dark phase transitions, JHEP 08 (2018) 203 [arXiv:1806.02332] [INSPIRE].
S.R. Coleman and E.J. Weinberg, Radiative corrections as the origin of spontaneous symmetry breaking, Phys. Rev. D 7 (1973) 1888 [INSPIRE].
M. Quirós, Finite temperature field theory and phase transitions, in the proceedings of the Summer School in High-energy physics and cosmology, June 29-July 17, Trieste, Italy (1999), hep-ph/9901312 [INSPIRE].
R.R. Parwani, Resummation in a hot scalar field theory, Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 4695 [Erratum ibid. D 48 (1993) 5965] [hep-ph/9204216] [INSPIRE].
D.J. Gross, R.D. Pisarski and L.G. Yaffe, QCD and instantons at finite temperature, Rev. Mod. Phys. 53 (1981) 43 [INSPIRE].
N.K. Nielsen, On the gauge dependence of spontaneous symmetry breaking in gauge theories, Nucl. Phys. B 101 (1975) 173 [INSPIRE].
H.H. Patel and M.J. Ramsey-Musolf, Baryon washout, electroweak phase transition and perturbation theory, JHEP 07 (2011) 029 [arXiv:1101.4665] [INSPIRE].
W. Chao, H.-K. Guo and J. Shu, Gravitational wave signals of electroweak phase transition triggered by dark matter, JCAP 09 (2017) 009 [arXiv:1702.02698] [INSPIRE].
L. Bian, H.-K. Guo and J. Shu, Gravitational waves, baryon asymmetry of the universe and electric dipole moment in the CP-violating NMSSM, Chin. Phys. C 42 (2018) 093106 [arXiv:1704.02488] [INSPIRE].
W. Chao, W.-F. Cui, H.-K. Guo and J. Shu, Gravitational wave imprint of new symmetry breaking, arXiv:1707.09759 [INSPIRE].
C.L. Wainwright, CosmoTransitions: computing cosmological phase transition temperatures and bubble profiles with multiple fields, Comput. Phys. Commun. 183 (2012) 2006 [arXiv:1109.4189] [INSPIRE].
J.M. Cline, Baryogenesis, talk given at the Les Houches Summer School — Session 86: Particle Physics and Cosmology: The Fabric of Spacetime, July 31-August 25, Les Houches, France (2006), hep-ph/0609145 [INSPIRE].
H. Kurki-Suonio and M. Laine, Supersonic deflagrations in cosmological phase transitions, Phys. Rev. D 51 (1995) 5431 [hep-ph/9501216] [INSPIRE].
P.J. Steinhardt, Relativistic detonation waves and bubble growth in false vacuum decay, Phys. Rev. D 25 (1982) 2074 [INSPIRE].
T. Konstandin and J.M. No, Hydrodynamic obstruction to bubble expansion, JCAP 02 (2011) 008 [arXiv:1011.3735] [INSPIRE].
P. John and M.G. Schmidt, Do stops slow down electroweak bubble walls?, Nucl. Phys. B 598 (2001) 291 [Erratum ibid. B 648 (2003) 449] [hep-ph/0002050] [INSPIRE].
V. Cirigliano, S. Profumo and M.J. Ramsey-Musolf, Baryogenesis, electric dipole moments and dark matter in the MSSM, JHEP 07 (2006) 002 [hep-ph/0603246] [INSPIRE].
D.J.H. Chung, B. Garbrecht, M. Ramsey-Musolf and S. Tulin, Supergauge interactions and electroweak baryogenesis, JHEP 12 (2009) 067 [arXiv:0908.2187] [INSPIRE].
W. Chao and M.J. Ramsey-Musolf, Electroweak baryogenesis, electric dipole moments and Higgs diphoton decays, JHEP 10 (2014) 180 [arXiv:1406.0517] [INSPIRE].
H.-K. Guo et al., Lepton-Flavored Electroweak Baryogenesis, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 115034 [arXiv:1609.09849] [INSPIRE].
G.A. White, A pedagogical introduction to electroweak baryogenesis, IOP Concise Physics, Morgan & Claypool, U.K. (2016).
J. Kozaczuk, Bubble expansion and the viability of singlet-driven electroweak baryogenesis, JHEP 10 (2015) 135 [arXiv:1506.04741] [INSPIRE].
A. Kosowsky, M.S. Turner and R. Watkins, Gravitational radiation from colliding vacuum bubbles, Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 4514 [INSPIRE].
A. Kosowsky, M.S. Turner and R. Watkins, Gravitational waves from first order cosmological phase transitions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 (1992) 2026 [INSPIRE].
A. Kosowsky and M.S. Turner, Gravitational radiation from colliding vacuum bubbles: envelope approximation to many bubble collisions, Phys. Rev. D 47 (1993) 4372 [astro-ph/9211004] [INSPIRE].
S.J. Huber and T. Konstandin, Gravitational wave production by collisions: more bubbles, JCAP 09 (2008) 022 [arXiv:0806.1828] [INSPIRE].
R. Jinno and M. Takimoto, Gravitational waves from bubble collisions: An analytic derivation, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 024009 [arXiv:1605.01403] [INSPIRE].
R. Jinno and M. Takimoto, Gravitational waves from bubble dynamics: beyond the envelope, arXiv:1707.03111 [INSPIRE].
M. Hindmarsh, S.J. Huber, K. Rummukainen and D.J. Weir, Gravitational waves from the sound of a first order phase transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014) 041301 [arXiv:1304.2433] [INSPIRE].
M. Hindmarsh, S.J. Huber, K. Rummukainen and D.J. Weir, Numerical simulations of acoustically generated gravitational waves at a first order phase transition, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 123009 [arXiv:1504.03291] [INSPIRE].
C. Caprini, R. Durrer and G. Servant, The stochastic gravitational wave background from turbulence and magnetic fields generated by a first-order phase transition, JCAP 12 (2009) 024 [arXiv:0909.0622] [INSPIRE].
P. Binetruy, A. Bohe, C. Caprini and J.-F. Dufaux, Cosmological backgrounds of gravitational waves and eLISA/NGO: phase transitions, cosmic strings and other sources, JCAP 06 (2012) 027 [arXiv:1201.0983] [INSPIRE].
D. Bödeker and G.D. Moore, Electroweak bubble wall speed limit, JCAP 05 (2017) 025 [arXiv:1703.08215] [INSPIRE].
M. Hindmarsh, S.J. Huber, K. Rummukainen and D.J. Weir, Shape of the acoustic gravitational wave power spectrum from a first order phase transition, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 103520 [arXiv:1704.05871] [INSPIRE].
M. Hindmarsh, Sound shell model for acoustic gravitational wave production at a first-order phase transition in the early Universe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 (2018) 071301 [arXiv:1608.04735] [INSPIRE].
T. Kahniashvili et al., Gravitational radiation from primordial helical inverse cascade MHD turbulence, Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008) 123006 [Erratum ibid. D 79 (2009) 109901] [arXiv:0809.1899] [INSPIRE].
X. Gong et al., Descope of the ALIA mission, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 610 (2015) 012011 [arXiv:1410.7296] [INSPIRE].
TianQin collaboration, J. Luo et al., TianQin: a space-borne gravitational wave detector, Class. Quant. Grav. 33 (2016) 035010 [arXiv:1512.02076] [INSPIRE].
H. Kudoh, A. Taruya, T. Hiramatsu and Y. Himemoto, Detecting a gravitational-wave background with next-generation space interferometers, Phys. Rev. D 73 (2006) 064006 [gr-qc/0511145] [INSPIRE].
A. Klein et al., Science with the space-based interferometer eLISA: Supermassive black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 93 (2016) 024003 [arXiv:1511.05581] [INSPIRE].
E. Thrane and J.D. Romano, Sensitivity curves for searches for gravitational-wave backgrounds, Phys. Rev. D 88 (2013) 124032 [arXiv:1310.5300] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, ATLAS Higgs physics prospects at the high luminosity LHC, PoS(ICHEP2016)426.
ATLAS Collaboration, Search for di-Higgs production with the ATLAS detector, PoS(EPS-HEP 2017)272.
CMS collaboration, D.M. Morse, Latest results on di-Higgs boson production with CMS, 2017, arXiv:1708.08249 [INSPIRE].
D. Gonçalves et al., Higgs boson pair production at future hadron colliders: from kinematics to dynamics, Phys. Rev. D 97 (2018) 113004 [arXiv:1802.04319] [INSPIRE].
J.H. Kim, Y. Sakaki and M. Son, Combined analysis of double Higgs production via gluon fusion at the HL-LHC in the effective field theory approach, Phys. Rev. D 98 (2018) 015016 [arXiv:1801.06093] [INSPIRE].
J.H. Kim, K. Kong, K.T. Matchev and M. Park, Measuring the triple Higgs self-interaction at the Large Hadron Collider, arXiv:1807.11498 [INSPIRE].
U. Baur, T. Plehn and D.L. Rainwater, Probing the Higgs selfcoupling at hadron colliders using rare decays, Phys. Rev. D 69 (2004) 053004 [hep-ph/0310056] [INSPIRE].
J. Baglio et al., The measurement of the Higgs self-coupling at the LHC: theoretical status, JHEP 04 (2013) 151 [arXiv:1212.5581] [INSPIRE].
P. Huang, A. Joglekar, B. Li and C.E.M. Wagner, Probing the electroweak phase transition at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 93 (2016) 055049 [arXiv:1512.00068] [INSPIRE].
A. Azatov, R. Contino, G. Panico and M. Son, Effective field theory analysis of double Higgs boson production via gluon fusion, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 035001 [arXiv:1502.00539] [INSPIRE].
J. Chang et al., Higgs-boson-pair production \( H\left(\to b\overline{b}\right)H\left(\to \gamma \gamma \right) \) from gluon fusion at the HL-LHC and HL-100 TeV hadron collider, arXiv:1804.07130 [INSPIRE].
J. Ellis, C.W. Murphy, V. Sanz and T. You, Updated global SMEFT fit to Higgs, diboson and electroweak data, JHEP 06 (2018) 146 [arXiv:1803.03252] [INSPIRE].
U. Baur, T. Plehn and D.L. Rainwater, Examining the Higgs boson potential at lepton and hadron colliders: A Comparative analysis, Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003) 033001 [hep-ph/0304015] [INSPIRE].
M.J. Dolan, C. Englert and M. Spannowsky, Higgs self-coupling measurements at the LHC, JHEP 10 (2012) 112 [arXiv:1206.5001] [INSPIRE].
A. Papaefstathiou, L.L. Yang and J. Zurita, Higgs boson pair production at the LHC in the \( b\overline{b}W+W- \) channel, Phys. Rev. D 87 (2013) 011301 [arXiv:1209.1489] [INSPIRE].
D.E. Ferreira de Lima, A. Papaefstathiou and M. Spannowsky, Standard model Higgs boson pair production in the \( \left(b\overline{b}\right)\left(b\overline{b}\right) \) final state, JHEP 08 (2014) 030 [arXiv:1404.7139] [INSPIRE].
J.K. Behr et al., Boosting Higgs pair production in the \( b\overline{b}b\overline{b} \) final state with multivariate techniques, Eur. Phys. J. C 76 (2016) 386 [arXiv:1512.08928] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, L. Cerda Alberich, Search for resonant and enhanced non-resonant di-Higgs production in the \( \gamma \gamma b\overline{b} \) channel with data at 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector, PoS(EPS-HEP 2017)687.
M. Reichert et al., Probing baryogenesis through the Higgs boson self-coupling, Phys. Rev. D 97 (2018) 075008 [arXiv:1711.00019] [INSPIRE].
A. Adhikary et al., Revisiting the non-resonant Higgs pair production at the HL-LHC, JHEP 07 (2018) 116 [arXiv:1712.05346] [INSPIRE].
C.-Y. Chen, S. Dawson and I.M. Lewis, Exploring resonant di-Higgs boson production in the Higgs singlet model, Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 035015 [arXiv:1410.5488] [INSPIRE].
I.M. Lewis and M. Sullivan, Benchmarks for double Higgs production in the singlet extended standard model at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 035037 [arXiv:1701.08774] [INSPIRE].
C.-Y. Chen, J. Kozaczuk and I.M. Lewis, Non-resonant collider signatures of a singlet-driven electroweak phase transition, JHEP 08 (2017) 096 [arXiv:1704.05844] [INSPIRE].
V. Barger, L.L. Everett, C.B. Jackson and G. Shaughnessy, Higgs-pair production and measurement of the triscalar coupling at LHC(8, 14), Phys. Lett. B 728 (2014) 433 [arXiv:1311.2931] [INSPIRE].
S. Dawson et al., Working Group Report: Higgs Boson, in the proceedings of the 2013 Community Summer Study on the Future of U.S. Particle Physics: Snowmass on the Mississippi (CSS2013), July 29-August 6, Minneapolis, U.S.A. (2013), arXiv:1310.8361 [INSPIRE].
J. Alwall et al., The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections and their matching to parton shower simulations, JHEP 07 (2014) 079 [arXiv:1405.0301] [INSPIRE].
NNPDF collaboration, R.D. Ball et al., Parton distributions with QED corrections, Nucl. Phys. B 877 (2013) 290 [arXiv:1308.0598] [INSPIRE].
D. de Florian and J. Mazzitelli, Two-loop virtual corrections to Higgs pair production, Phys. Lett. B 724 (2013) 306 [arXiv:1305.5206] [INSPIRE].
S. Catani, D. de Florian, M. Grazzini and P. Nason, Soft gluon resummation for Higgs boson production at hadron colliders, JHEP 07 (2003) 028 [hep-ph/0306211] [INSPIRE].
T. Sjöstrand et al., An introduction to PYTHIA 8.2, Comput. Phys. Commun. 191 (2015) 159 [arXiv:1410.3012] [INSPIRE].
M. Cacciari, G.P. Salam and G. Soyez, FastJet user manual, Eur. Phys. J. C 72 (2012) 1896 [arXiv:1111.6097] [INSPIRE].
DELPHES 3 collaboration, J. de Favereau et al., DELPHES 3, A modular framework for fast simulation of a generic collider experiment, JHEP 02 (2014) 057 [arXiv:1307.6346] [INSPIRE].
M.L. Mangano, M. Moretti, F. Piccinini and M. Treccani, Matching matrix elements and shower evolution for top-quark production in hadronic collisions, JHEP 01 (2007) 013 [hep-ph/0611129] [INSPIRE].
CDF collaboration, T. Aaltonen et al., Observation of single top quark production and measurement of |V tb| with CDF, Phys. Rev. D 82 (2010) 112005 [arXiv:1004.1181] [INSPIRE].
P. Baldi, P. Sadowski and D. Whiteson, Searching for exotic particles in high-energy physics with deep learning, Nature Commun. 5 (2014) 4308 [arXiv:1402.4735] [INSPIRE].
A. Alves, Stacking machine learning classifiers to identify Higgs bosons at the LHC, 2017 JINST 12 T05005 [arXiv:1612.07725] [INSPIRE].
A. Alves and K. Sinha, Searches for dark matter at the LHC: a multivariate analysis in the mono-Z channel, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 115013 [arXiv:1507.08294] [INSPIRE].
A. Alves, T. Ghosh and K. Sinha, CutOptimize: a Python package fot cut-and-count optimization, to be relesead.
A.J. Barr, Measuring slepton spin at the LHC, JHEP 02 (2006) 042 [hep-ph/0511115] [INSPIRE].
A. Alves and O. Eboli, Unravelling the sbottom spin at the CERN LHC, Phys. Rev. D 75 (2007) 115013 [arXiv:0704.0254] [INSPIRE].
T.P. Li and Y.Q. Ma, Analysis methods for results in gamma-ray astronomy, Astrophys. J. 272 (1983) 317 [INSPIRE].
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
ArXiv ePrint: 1808.08974
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Alves, A., Ghosh, T., Guo, HK. et al. Resonant di-Higgs production at gravitational wave benchmarks: a collider study using machine learning. J. High Energ. Phys. 2018, 70 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP12(2018)070
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP12(2018)070