Abstract
We perform three dimensional lattice simulation of the electroweak symmetry breaking process through two-step vacuum-like phase transitions with one step being first-order. Our results show that: 1) when the electroweak symmetry breaking is driven by the beyond Standard Model theories through the Higgs-portal, the gravitational wave spectra produced from the phase transitions are of broken power-law shape; 2) when the electroweak symmetry breaking is induced by a first-order phase transition of a high-scale theory respecting the global U(1) symmetry, cosmic strings can form and then decay through particle radiation. The two scenarios can be distinguished through probing the stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds. Our study suggests that the stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds provide an alternative way to probe the beyond Standard Model theories relevant to the electroweak symmetry breaking in the early Universe.
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Acknowledgments
We thank John T. Giblin, Marek Lewicki, Daniel Cutting, David Weir, Adrien Florio, Zach Weiner, Daniel G. Figueroa, Michael J. Ramsey-Musolf, Xue-Feng Zhang, Shao-Jiang Wang, Yue Zhao, Huai-Ke Guo, and Jing Liu for communications and discussions. The work of Ligong Bian is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China Grant No. 2021YFC2203004, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grants Nos. 12075041, 12147102, 12322505 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No. 2021CDJQY-011 and No. 2020CDJQY-Z003), and Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (Grants No.cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0814). RGC is supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China Grant Nos. 2020YFC22015092 and 2021YFA0718304 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant Nos. 11821505 and 11991052.
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Zhao, Z., Di, Y., Bian, L. et al. Probing the electroweak symmetry breaking history with gravitational waves. J. High Energ. Phys. 2023, 158 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2023)158
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2023)158