Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Application of a flow-tunable, serially coupled gas chromatographic capillary column system for the analysis of complex mixtures

  • Reviews
  • Published:
Chromatographia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

A capillary column gas chromatographic system employing two serially coupled fused-silica columns and a simple coupling element is described. The system is operated in flow-tunable mode (flow-tunable tandem system).

The very fact of continuous tuning over a large polarity (selectivity) range, ultimately determined by the two constituent columns, offers several possibilities in the analysis of complex mixtures. In this paper two applications are discussed in detail: optimization of peak separation and peak identification. For these applications it is feasible to use, retention data collected from experiments on the tandem system, and empirical formulas. A relatively simple theoretical mathematical model valid for the flow-tunable tandem system, however, furnishes an easy way of calculating retention data on the system from data collected from the individual single columns, thus, creating a new possibility for optimization and peak identification.

Optimization and peak identification processes using the empirical and theoretical models are both demonstrated by analysis of solvent mixtures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. P. Sandra, F. David, M. Proot, G. Diricks, M. Verstappe, M. Verzele, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.8, 782 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. E. M. Fredericks, F. R. Brooks, Anal. Chem.28, 297 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. J. A. Barnard, H. W. D. Hughes, Nature183, 250 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. G. R. Primavesi, Nature184, 2010 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. L. Rohrschneider, Z. Anal. Chem.170, 256 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. H. J. Maier, O. C. Karpathy, J. Chromatogr.8, 308 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. G. P. Hildebrand, C. N. Reilley, Anal. Chem.36, 47 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. D. R. Deans, I. Scott, Anal. Chem.45, 1137 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. V. Pretorius, T. W. Smuts, J. Moncrieff, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.1, 200 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. R. E. Kaiser, R. I. Rieder, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.1, 201 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. R. E. Kaiser, R. I. Rieder, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.2, 416 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. P. R. Boshoff, T. W. Smuts, J. Chromatogr. Sci.18, 315 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. P. R. Boshoff, J. Chromatogr. Sci.19, 238 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. R. E. Kaiser, L. Laeming, L. Blomberg, R. I. Rieder, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.8, 92 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. R. E. Kaiser, R. I. Rieder, L. Laeming, L. Blomberg, P. Kusz, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.8, 580 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. H. T. Mayfield, S. N. Chesler, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.8, 595 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. R. E. Kaiser, R. I. Rieder, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.8, 863 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. T. Tóth, H. van Cruchten, J. Rijks, in P. Sandra, W. Bertsch, Eds., Proc. 6th International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography (Riva del Garda, Italy, May 14–16, 1985), Hüthig, Heidelberg, 1985, p. 769.

    Google Scholar 

  19. T. Tóth, J. A. Rijks, J. H. M. van Cruchten, in Abstracts of 5th Danube Symposium on Chromatography (Yalta, USSR, November 11–16, 1985), Nauka, 1985, p. 169.

  20. J. V. Hinshaw, Jr., L. S. Ettre, Chromatographia21, 561 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. J. V. Hinshaw, Jr., L. S. Ettre, Chromatographia21, 669 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. R. E. Kaiser, R. I. Rieder, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.10, 240 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. T. Tóth, F. Garay, in P. Sandra, Ed., Proc. 8th International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography (Riva del Garda, Italy, May 19–21, 1987), Hüthig, Heidelberg, 1987, p. 585.

    Google Scholar 

  24. T. Tóth, F. Garay, in Abstracts of 6th Danube Symposium on Chromatography (Varna, Bulgaria, October 12–17, 1987), Jusautor, Sofia, 1987, p. 161.

    Google Scholar 

  25. T. Tóth, in Abstracts of 8th International Symposium: Advances and Application of Chromatography in Industry (Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, July 2–7, 1989), Abstracts Volume I., p. Mo L8.

  26. F. Garay, T. Tóth, in Abstracts of 8th International Symposium: Advances and Application of Chromatography in Industry (Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, July 2–7, 1989), Abstracts Volume II., p. C43.

  27. D. Repka, J. Krupcik, E. Benicka, P. A. Leclercq, J. A. Rijks, J. Chromatogr.463, 243 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. T. Maurer, W. Engewald, A. Steinborn, J. Chromatogr.517, 77 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. T. Hevesi, J. Krupcik, P. Sandra, J. Chromatogr.517, 161 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. W. Engewald, T. Maurer, J. Chromatogr.520, 3 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. D. Repka, J. Krupcik, E. Benicka, T. Maurer, W. Engewald, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.13, 333 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. R. Villalobos, R. Annino, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.13, 764 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. T. Tóth, F. Garay, Cs. Lovász, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.13, 840 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. J. Efer, T. Maurer, W. Engewald, Chromatographia29, 115 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. E. Benicka, J. Krupcik, P. Kuljovsky, D. Repka, J. Garaj, Mikrochim. Acta III., 1 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. E. Benicka, J. Krupcik, P. Repka, P. Kuljovsky, Anal. Chem.62, 985 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. W. Engewald, T. Knobloch, G. Haufe, M. Mueller, V. Pohris, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem.341, 641 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. J. M. Fougnion, C. David, A. Crocq, C. Genty, J. Chromatogr.556, 287 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. F. Garay, T. Tóth, in P. Sandra, Ed., Proc. 13th International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography (Riva del Garda, Italy, May 13–16, 1991), Hüthig, Heidelberg, 1991, p. 818.

    Google Scholar 

  40. E. Benicka, J. Krupcik, D. Repka, P. Sandra, Chromatographia33, 463 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. M. Akard, R. Sacks, J. Chromatogr. Sci.31, 297 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. T. Tóth, F. Garay, in Abstracts of 9th Danube Symposium on Chromatography (Budapest, Hungary, August 23–27, 1993), p. Th-P-25.

  43. M. Akard, R. Sacks, Anal. Chem.66, 3036 (1994).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. R. Sacks, M. Akard, Environ. Sci. Technol.28, 428A (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Akard, R. Sacks, Anal. Chem.67, 2733 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. M. Akard, R. Sacks, Anal. Chem.68, 1474 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. E. B. Bakeas, P. A. Siskos, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.19, 277 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. E. B. Bakeas P. A. Siskos, Anal. Chem.68, 4468 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. H. Smith, R. Sacks, Anal. Chem.69, 5159 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. J. Kwok, L. R. Snyder, J. C. Sternberg, Anal. Chem.40, 118 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. T. W. Smuts, K. de Clerk, T. G du Toit, T. S. Buys, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.3, 124 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. T. S. Buys, T. W. Smuts, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.3, 461 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. T. S. Buys, T. W. Smuts, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.4, 102 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. T. S. Buys, T. W. Smuts, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.4, 317 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. T. S. Buys, J. B. Wagener, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.5, 662 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. J. H. Purnell, P. S. Williams, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.6, 569 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. J. H. Purnell, P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr.292, 197 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. J. H. Purnell, P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr.321, 249 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. J. H. Purnell, M. Rodriguez, P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr.323, 402 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. J. H. Purnell, P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr.325, 1 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. J. H. Purnell, M. Rodriguez, P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr.358, 39 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. J. H. Purnell, J. R. Jones, M. H. Wattan, J. Chromatogr.399, 99 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. G. Guiochon, J. E. N. Gutierrez, J. Chromatogr.406, 3 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. T. Maurer, Th. Welsch, W. Engewald, J. Chromatogr.471, 245 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. L. H. Wright, J. F. Walling, J. Chromatogr.540, 311 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. J. H. Purnell, M. H. Wattan, J. Chromatogr.555, 173 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. T. C. Gerbino, G. Costello, J. High Resol. Chromatogr.17, 597 (1994).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. H. Smith, R. Sacks, Anal. Chem.69, 145 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. P. Sandra, F. David, in H. J. Cortes, Ed., Multidimensional Chromatography Techniques and Applications, Chromatographic Science Series 50, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990, p. 145.

    Google Scholar 

  70. T. Maurer, W. Engewald, Labor Praxis14, 588 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. W. O. McReynolds, J. Chromatogr. Sci.8, 685 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. R. J. Laub, J. H. Purnell, J. Chromatogr.112, 71 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. R. Kaiser, Z. Anal. Chem.189, 1 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IEM Institute for Environmental Protection, P.O. Box 352, 1369, Budapest, Hungary

    F. Garay

Authors
  1. F. Garay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Tibor Tóth

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Garay, F. Application of a flow-tunable, serially coupled gas chromatographic capillary column system for the analysis of complex mixtures. Chromatographia 51, S108–S120 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02492792

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02492792

Key Words

Search

Navigation