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Introduction to Cytokine and Chemokine Networks

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Cytokine and Chemokine Networks in Cancer

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Abstract

Cytokines are small-molecular-weight, proteinaceous, immunomodulating molecules that are crucial for controlling the growth and activity of blood and other immune cells. They are peptide molecules that cannot cross the lipid bilayer of a cell to enter the cytoplasm but are important for cell signaling. Cytokines bind to specific cell surface receptors and send intracellular signals. They are involved in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling. Normally, cytokines affect cell activation, division, apoptosis, or movement, but their biological effect depends on the type of cytokine and the cell involved. These essential chemical mediators function as biomarkers for a wide range of illnesses and control immunological and inflammatory responses through intricate networks. They can be discussed in terms of their pro- and anti-inflammatory activities as well as on the basis of their clinical significance. They take part in the immune response and serve as significant immune system communication network mediators. The development, proliferation, and response of immune cells are dynamically controlled by cytokines, which play a significant role in determining health. Multiple biological activities can result from a single cytokine's ability to act on various cell types and can be released by numerous kinds of cells. Cytokines have two common characteristics, redundancy and promiscuity, which are particularly notable in chemokines that are a specific type of cytokine, and can direct immune cell movement toward their target. There are different types of chemokines, like interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNFs), and growth factors. Chemokines, sometimes also referred to as chemotactic cytokines, are a broad family of small, secreted proteins that communicate by binding to the cell surfaces that have heptahelical chemokine receptors (CKRs). They are mostly well-known for their capacity to encourage the movement of cells, particularly that of leukocytes (white blood cells (WBCs)). Since they are involved in all inflammatory and immunological responses, whether beneficial or harmful, chemokines are essential for homeostasis of the immune system and development. This chapter provides a general review of the cytokine network, chemokines, and chemokine receptor families, highlights the chemokine network's numerous physical interactions, and covers the fundamental principles of chemokine function while providing specific examples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India

    Manzoor Ahmad Mir, Asma Jan & Shazia Sofi

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  1. Manzoor Ahmad Mir
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  2. Asma Jan
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  3. Shazia Sofi
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Correspondence to Manzoor Ahmad Mir .

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  1. Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Manzoor Ahmad Mir

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Mir, M.A., Jan, A., Sofi, S. (2023). Introduction to Cytokine and Chemokine Networks. In: Mir, M.A. (eds) Cytokine and Chemokine Networks in Cancer. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4657-0_1

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