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Depression and Bipolar Affective Disorder

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Therapeutics of Neural Stimulation for Neurological Disorders

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Abstract

The unipolar depression and bipolar disorder depressive episode have different pathogenesis, which are difficult to distinguish in the early clinical stage. Patients with bipolar disorder begin with depressive episode more often than with manic episodes, during which hypomania lasts for a short time with mild symptoms, making them difficult to distinguish from normal emotion changes. Patients with depressive episode at a young age and a family history of bipolar disorder, who once had a history of transient mania and are currently manifested by mixed depression, retardative depression, agitated depression, and psychotic depression, are mostly considered as having bipolar depression. At present, the main complaints are somatic symptoms, with initial insomnia, anorexia, and unipolar depression. Despite the accumulation of numerous data on brain imaging, neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter, neurophysiological, and other biological markers of unipolar and bipolar affective disorders, the differences in the physiopathologic mechanism between the two disorders remain unclear in essence so far. In terms of treatment, both are primarily treated through medication, psychological approach, behavioral approach, and neurostimulation techniques. Drug treatments include selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), selective serotonin uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants. Neurostimulation techniques include electroconvulsive (ECT), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurobiological Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

    Zhong Zheng & Ke Zou

  2. Center for Neurological Function Test and Neuromodulation, West China Xiamen Hospital, Sichuan University, Xiamen, China

    Zhong Zheng & Jiaxi Huang

  3. Department of Geriatrics, Yunnan Province Mental Health Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

    Tianhao Bao

  4. Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Jiaqi Han

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  1. Zhong Zheng
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  2. Ke Zou
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  3. Jiaxi Huang
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  4. Tianhao Bao
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  5. Jiaqi Han
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Yuping Wang

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Zheng, Z., Zou, K., Huang, J., Bao, T., Han, J. (2023). Depression and Bipolar Affective Disorder. In: Wang, Y. (eds) Therapeutics of Neural Stimulation for Neurological Disorders. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4538-2_18

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