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The Aging Patterns of Brain Structure, Function, and Energy Metabolism

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Cognitive Aging and Brain Health

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1419))

Abstract

The normal aging process brings changes in brain structure, function, and energy metabolism, which are presumed to contribute to the age-related decline in brain function and cognitive ability. This chapter aims to summarize the aging patterns of brain structure, function, and energy metabolism to distinguish them from the pathological changes associated with neurodegenerative diseases and explore protective factors in aging. We first described the normal atrophy pattern of cortical gray matter with age, which is negatively affected by some neurodegenerative diseases and is protected by a healthy lifestyle, such as physical exercise. Next, we summarized the main types of age-related white matter lesions, including white matter atrophy and hyperintensity. Age-related white matter changes mainly occurred in the frontal lobe, and white matter lesions in posterior regions may be an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, the relationship between brain activity and various cognitive functions during aging was discussed based on electroencephalography, magnetoencephalogram, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. An age-related reduction in occipital activity is coupled with increased frontal activity, which supports the posterior–anterior shift in aging (PASA) theory. Finally, we discussed the relationship between amyloid-β deposition and tau accumulation in the brain, as pathological manifestations of neurodegenerative disease and aging.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

    Mingxi Dang, Feng Sang, Shijie Long & Yaojing Chen

  2. Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

    Mingxi Dang, Feng Sang, Shijie Long & Yaojing Chen

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  1. Mingxi Dang
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  2. Feng Sang
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  3. Shijie Long
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  4. Yaojing Chen
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Correspondence to Yaojing Chen .

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

    Zhanjun Zhang

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Dang, M., Sang, F., Long, S., Chen, Y. (2023). The Aging Patterns of Brain Structure, Function, and Energy Metabolism. In: Zhang, Z. (eds) Cognitive Aging and Brain Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1419. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1627-6_7

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