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Advantages and Disadvantages of Nutraceuticals

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Nutraceuticals for Alzheimer's Disease: A Promising Therapeutic Approach

Part of the book series: Nutritional Neurosciences ((NN))

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Abstract

Nutraceuticals are bioactive compounds used to enhance health-supporting effects and to treat and prevent various diseases. They are largely used to control and prevent chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer, and gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. Thus, the nutraceutical market is increasing at a fast rate. Nutraceuticals can be prescribed by a qulified health professional based on a patient’s health issues or can be used without a prescription. While nutraceuticals are good for health in general and have various advantages including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, etc., the significant disadvantages are underreported as available literature expresses concerns over the authentic source of their raw materials, purity of the compound, presence of other active compounds, quality, lack of experimental evidence, false advertising, contamination with heavy metals, and interactions between supplements and drugs. One of the major limitations of nutraceuticals is questionable drug bioavailability, which is the accessibility of the nutrients by the body after digestion, absorption, and transportation. Poor bioavailability may result in little or no effect in lessening the advantage of nutraceuticals. People with underlying diseases requiring multidrug regimens often simultaneously self-prescribe nutraceuticals. Meanwhile, they are unaware of drug–drug interactions that not only diminish the efficacy of nutraceuticals but also lead to potentially toxic side effects. Side effects of nutraceuticals due to misuse or overuse may vary from mild to moderate and severe. Therefore, it is important to understand the bioavailability, toxicity, and side effect profile of nutraceuticals before use. This review focuses on highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of some commonly used nutraceuticals in various conditions related to heart, liver, kidney, gastrointestinal, and pulmonary disorders. We also explore the potential advantages and disadvantages of nutraceuticals in various neurological conditions, and the mechanisms of their action, particularly their role in the blood–brain barrier in transporting these nutraceuticals into the brain to regulate brain homeostasis and thereby other organs.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ALD:

Alcoholic liver disease

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

BHA:

Butylated hydroxyanisole

BHT:

Butylated hydroxytoluene

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

CNS:

Central nervous system

COPD:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

DILI:

Drug-induced liver disease

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

GERD:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

GIT:

Gastrointestinal tract

HIE:

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

IBS:

Irritable bowel syndrome

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

NAFLD:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PG:

Propyl gallate

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

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Acknowledgements

We thank Jayakumar Nithura, Medical Academy of Science and Technology, Homestead FL, 33030, for assistance with manuscript preparation. We apologize for having limited references to review articles and more recently published articles, as we were limited in space.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

    Ramamoorthy Rajalakshmi, Fay F. Pon, Daniela S. Cosio, Arumugam R. Jayakumar & Michael J. Paidas

  2. School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, FL, USA

    Miranda A. Melians

  3. Dr. A.L.M. Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Venugopal Buvarahamurthy

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  1. Ramamoorthy Rajalakshmi
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Correspondence to Arumugam R. Jayakumar or Michael J. Paidas .

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Arokiyasamy Justin Thenmozhi

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India

    Thamilarasan Manivasagam

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Rajalakshmi, R. et al. (2023). Advantages and Disadvantages of Nutraceuticals. In: Thenmozhi, A.J., Manivasagam, T. (eds) Nutraceuticals for Alzheimer's Disease: A Promising Therapeutic Approach. Nutritional Neurosciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0677-2_15

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