Abstract
A protection system is an essential requirement for the safe and reliable operation of an electric power system. An electric power system is part of an infrastructure that covers a large area and in which faults cannot be avoided in general. The protection system must guarantee that faulty equipment is disconnected from the system as quickly as possible in order to ensure the continued operation of the rest of the electric power system.
At the beginning of this chapter, the general requirements for a selective protection system and its basic concepts are presented. This is followed by a description of the criteria that can be used to detect faults in electric power systems. Current and voltage transformers are required to measure high voltages and currents. The selection and dimensioning of these are described in the following. The basic selective protection functions are explained and their implementation is described in the following section. Additional functions that are used to increase the performance and selectivity of the protection system are also presented. At the end of this chapter, some examples are presented to illustrate the structure of the protection system for selected electric equipment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.A. Ibrahim: Protection and Control for Power System (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston 2016)
IEC: IEC International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) Part Power System Protection; IEC 60050, Part 448 (IEC, Geneva 2017)
P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection (McGraw-Hill, New York 1998)
GEC ALSTHOM: Protective Relays—Application Guide (GEC ALSTHOM Measurements Limited, Stafford 1987)
IEC: IEC 60909-0 Short Circuit Current in Three-phase a.c. Systems; Part 0: Calculation of Currents (IEC, Geneva 2016)
G. Ziegler: Numerical Distance Protection—Principles and Applications (Publicis MCD, Munich 1999)
IEC: IEC 61869-2 Instrument Transformers; Part 2: Additional Requirements for Current Transformers (IEC, Geneva 2012)
A. Wright, C. Christopoulos: Electrical Power System Protection (Chapman & Hall, London 1993)
C. Prévé: Protection of Electrical Networks (ISTE, London 2006)
IEC: IEC 60044-6 Instrument Transformers; Part 6: Requirements for Protective Current Transformers for Transient Performance (IEC, Geneva 1992)
IEC: IEC 61869-100 Guide for Application of Current Transformer in Power System Protection (IEC, Geneva 2007)
IEC: IEC 61869-3 Instrument Transformers; Part 3: Additional Requirements for Inductive Voltage Transformers (IEC, Geneva 2011)
ANSI, IEEE: C37.2, ANSI/IEEE Standard for Electric Power System Device Function Numbers and Contact Designations (IEEE, Piscataway 2008)
IEC: IEC 60255-151 Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment; Part 151: Functional Requirements for Over/Under Current Protection (IEC, Geneva 2009)
IEC: IEC 60044-1 Instrument Transformers; Part 1: Current Transformers, A1:1996+ A1:2000 +A2:2002 (IEC, Geneva 2002)
M.A. Anthony: Electric Power System Protection and Coordination: a Design Handbook for Overcurrent Protection (McGraw-Hill, New York 1995)
S.H. Horowitz, A.G. Phadke: Power System Relaying (Research Studies, Somerset 1995)
ABB: Applying High Impedance Differential Protection with IED 670 (2007) p. 9, Document ID: SA2007-000725
K. Rothe, H. Clemens: Schutztechnik in Elektroenergiesystemen (Verlag Technik, Berlin 1991)
ALSTOM T&D: Network Protection and Automation Guide (Alstom, Levallois-Perret 2002)
Valence Electrical Training Services: High Impedance Busbar Differential Protection, https://relaytraining.com/high-impedance-busbar-differential-protection/ (2019)
B. Kasztenny, L. Sevov, G. Brunello: Digital Low-Impedance Bus Differential Protection—Review of Principles and Approaches, https://store.gegridsolutions.com/FAQ/Documents/B30/GER-3984.pdf (2002)
K. Behrendt, D. Costello, S.E. Zocholl: Considerations for using high-impedance or low-impedance relays for bus differential protection. In: 63rd Annu. Conf. Prot. Relay Eng. (2010), https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2010.5469509, revised February 2016
A.R. v. Cortlandt Warrington: Protective Relays Their Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 (Springer, New York 1968)
IEC: IEC 60255-121 Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment; Part 121: Functional Requirements for Distance Protection (IEC, Geneva 2014)
J.M. Gers, E.J. Holmes: Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks (IET, London 2011)
D. Robertson: Power System Protection Reference Manual (Oriel, Northumberland 1982)
CIGRÉ: Protection Using Telecommunications – Final Report. CIGRÉ Joint Working Group 34/35.11 (CIGRÉ, Paris 2001)
B. Hadzi-Kostova: Protection Concepts in Distribution Networks with Decentralised Energy Resources (RES Electricae Magdeburgenses, Magdeburg 2005)
I. Bielchev: Adaptiver Distanzschutz im Standard IEC 61850 (RES Electricae Magdeburgenses, Magdeburg 2016)
S.M. Madani: Analysis and Design of Power System Protection Using Graph Theory, Dissertation (Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven 1999)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schegner, P. (2021). Power System Protection. In: Papailiou, K.O. (eds) Springer Handbook of Power Systems. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9938-2_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9938-2_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-32-9937-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-32-9938-2
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)