New Modification to Toulmin Model as an Analytical Framework for Argumentative Essays

Abstract

The Toulmin model has provided a clear and flexible set of categories for conducting research on both oral and written argumentation. All kinds of modifications of the model contribute much to the application of Toulmin model to various genres. However, there is still a lack of an appropriate Toulmin framework for argumentative essays because of the deficiencies in those modified models. In this paper a synthesis of modifications to Toulmin model is proposed for analyzing argumentative essays not only to update the Toulmin model, but also to broaden the scope of its application. It reveals justification depth by displaying the hierarchical relationship in arguments, merges Backing into Warrant considering the nature of actual writing. The new model takes in the merits of the previous modified models, clarifies the vagueness of Warrant and avoid the deficiencies of the previous models so that it can explain argumentative essays more efficiently.

Appendix

The Dark Side of the InternetThe Internet has brought sweeping changes since the time when it was used (Counterargument-claim): Information is more accessible; people from different countries communicate with each other; e-commerce becomes the new engine of the economy (Counterargument-data1). From politics to economy, education to entertainment, and eating to shopping, to some degree, the Internet has penetrated every area of our life (Counterargument-data 2). There is no doubt that the influence the Internet has exerted on us can be both advantageous and disastrous. However, the bright side of the Internet is so frequently stressed that the dark side tend to be neglected. From my perspective, it’s necessary to disclose its dark side so as to make better use of it (Claim).

First and foremost, the Internet unites its users but at the same time alienates them (Subclaim1). On one hand, the Internet facilitates the exchange of different ideas and the communication on a global scale (Counterargument-data 3). On the other hand, those who are burying themselves in a virtual world often ignore people around them (Rebuttal). Nowadays, it is a common phenomenon that some participants in a gathering, no matter what kind of gathering it is, always look down at their cellphones. The precious time that is supposed to be spent in talking with loved ones is wasted in surfing the Internet (Data1.1). Consequently, conflicts between lovers and even between family members gradually arise, and it’s no longer easy for one to maintain a harmonious relationship. Obviously, the Internet shortens the physical distance from one user to another, but it lengthens the psychological distance from one heart to another. (Warrant 1.1B).

Secondly, the Internet, extolled as “information superhighway”, has caused a series of problems due to its huge and patchy information (Subclaim2). From one side, too much information can weaken our capability of thinking and solving problems (Subclaim 2.1). When netizens look through the information online, they are inclined to get a general idea without meditation (Data 2.1.1). Besides, when more and more people rely on the Internet to find answers, their ability of solving problems declines (Data2.2). From another, improper information will mislead teenagers and corrupt their mind (Data2.3). Although the Internet is a powerful tool of spreading knowledge, it is also the hotbed of inappropriate information and false ideas. As few teenagers possess the ability of judging what is good and evil, they are very likely to become the victims of the wrong information (Warrant 2.3B).