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Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Role of Fish Lectins

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Aquatic Lectins

Abstract

Lectins are proteins that can bind to carbohydrates selectively and reversibly without changing the ligand’s covalent structure. Lectins are divided into several families based on their structure, binding specificities, and calcium dependence, such as C-type lectins, I-type lectins, F-type lectins, intelectins, rhamnose binding lectins, galectins, Lily-type lectins, and so on. Innate immunity and disease resistance are known to be aided by lectins such as ficolins, calnexin, galectins, F-type lectins, intelectins, and mannose-binding proteins (MBPs). In fish, skin serves as an essential immunological structure, and lectins have been found in the stomach, eggs, gut, liver, gills, serum, skin, and plasma of several fish species. The capacity of lectins to promote agglutination, suppression of planktonic development, biofilm inhibition or eradication, and/or death of bacteria has been shown to have direct antibacterial action. The interaction of lectins with bacterial cell wall components [such as N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), tetrapeptides related to NAM, and lipopolysaccharides] as well as membrane receptors has been credited with growth suppression and death induction. This might cause permeabilisation and the development of holes in the bacterial cell wall and membrane, allowing intracellular material to seep out. Lectins are part of the innate immune system’s humoral component and are engaged in the detection of PAMPs that cause agglutination and neutralisation of potentially microbial pathogens or the activation of complement components. Various research findings show that fish lectins play an important role in immunological identification of microbial infections and phagocytosis clearance. The significance of lectins in antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity in fish is discussed in this review.

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Abbreviations

CRD:

Carbohydrate-binding lectin

CTL:

C-type lectin

CTLD:

C-type lectin-like domain

EPN:

Glu-Pro-Asn

Es-Lec:

Etroplus suratensis lectin

FTL:

F-type lectin

GlcNAc:

N-acetylglucosamine

MBL:

Mannose-binding lectin

NAM:

N-acetylmuramic acid

QPD:

Gln-Pro-Asp

RBL:

l-rhamnose-binding lectin

STL:

S-type lectin

SUEL:

Sea urchin egg lectin

XTL:

X-type lectin

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. PG and Research Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

    Prachi Vibhute, Akshaya Radhakrishnan, Jeyachandran Sivakamavalli & Hethesh Chellapandian

  2. Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, India

    Joseph Selvin

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  1. Prachi Vibhute
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  2. Akshaya Radhakrishnan
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  3. Jeyachandran Sivakamavalli
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  4. Hethesh Chellapandian
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  5. Joseph Selvin
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India

    Preetham Elumalai

  2. Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India

    Baskaralingam Vaseeharan

  3. School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Cochin, Kerala, India

    Sreeja Lakshmi

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Vibhute, P., Radhakrishnan, A., Sivakamavalli, J., Chellapandian, H., Selvin, J. (2022). Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Role of Fish Lectins. In: Elumalai, P., Vaseeharan, B., Lakshmi, S. (eds) Aquatic Lectins. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0432-5_12

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