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Gut Microbiota and Depression, Anxiety, and Cognitive Disorders

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Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine in the Gastrointestinal Diseases

Abstract

Human gut microbiome plays a critical role in brain development and function. Although the relationship between gut microbiota and the brain remains relatively stable throughout the lifespan of a human, certain differences exist depending on the developmental stage. Gut microbiota can modulate biological changes in the brain via multiple pathways. They take part in the regulation of systemic and neural immune systems as well as the metabolism and function of neurotransmitters related to emotion and behavior. Various mechanisms of the gut microbiome involved in brain development and function exhibit differences depending on sex, with sex hormone regulation mediating such sex differences.

Gut microbiota are involved in regulating behaviors and emotions such as depression and anxiety. Alteration of gut microbiome has been observed in patients with depression and anxiety disorders. The gut microbiome can influence depression and anxiety by modulating the stress reaction system and inflammatory response. Moreover, several studies on humans and animals have reported that probiotics have anti-depressive effects. A sex difference has been observed in the onset of depression and anxiety disorder. Factors contribute to sex differences in psychiatric disorders include the gut microbiome, sex hormone, regulatory immune system, and stress reaction system.

Gut microbiota can affect cognitive functions of the brain. A decreased number of microorganisms in the gut is associated with neural aging and cognitive impairment. The neuroimmuno-modulatory mechanism of the gut microbiome is related to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, especially cognitive impairment. A few studies have suggested that altered function of the gut microbiome is partially responsible for the onset of dementia, a neurodegenerative disorder. It has been reported that dementia, mainly Alzheimer’s disease, is more common in women than in men. Additionally, previous studies have noted sex differences in etiological mechanism of dementia. Thus, the regulation of sex hormones and neural damage or neurodegeneration process by the gut microbiome may explain the sex difference in the onset of dementia.

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  1. Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea

    Hyun Jung Hur & Hye Youn Park

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  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea (Republic of)

    Nayoung Kim

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Hur, H.J., Park, H.Y. (2022). Gut Microbiota and Depression, Anxiety, and Cognitive Disorders. In: Kim, N. (eds) Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine in the Gastrointestinal Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0120-1_23

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