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Characterization Techniques for Chemical and Structural Analyses

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Material Characterization Techniques and Applications

Part of the book series: Progress in Optical Science and Photonics ((POSP,volume 19))

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Abstract

Understanding the nature of a newly developed material is of paramount importance in defining its applications. Some characteristics are inherent to the compound and are considered to be part of its fingerprint, while others can be generated as a result of material design and engineering via various treatment methods. Whether inherent or engineered, the knowledge of chemical and structural characteristics of the material plays a vital role for its use in different areas. This chapter is dedicated to the physical and chemical analyses of samples (known or unknown) via nondestructive spectroscopic techniques whereby each presented technique holds a different mechanism of operation. For instance, Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN) uses the vibration of molecules to provide chemical and structural data, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) allows identifying this information through absorption and emission of light in the infrared region. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy determines and quantifies the chemical properties of a sample using absorbed monochromatic light in the ultraviolet and visible regions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is widely used to analyze the chemical surface of samples providing chemical state information. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analyzes powder samples to identify chemical compounds. X-ray diffraction (XRD) obtains crystallographic structural information (e.g., crystallite size) from crystalline samples. Lastly, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides physical, chemical, and biological information about the analyzed samples. For each technique, we present information regarding history, mechanism of operation, advantages, and disadvantages, as well as applications centered around the biomedical areas. Finally, a troubleshooting section describes the most common failures faced when analyzing samples with the abovementioned techniques, possible causes, and solutions offered to each problem.

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Abbreviations

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

7-APTES:

(7-aminoproyl)triethoxysilane

Ag/rGO:

Silver nanoparticles over reduced graphene oxide

Al:

Aluminum

anti-TG:

Antithyroglobulin

anti-TPO:

Antithyroid peroxidase

APTES:

Aminosylane

AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

BE:

Binding energy

C4H4O3:

Succinic anhydride

CA:

Cellulose acetate

CT:

Computed tomography

DPPH:

1,1-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl

DRIFT:

Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform

DRIFTS:

Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy

EBFCs:

Enzymatic biofuel cells

EDC:

Carbodiimide

fcc:

Face-centered cubic

FID:

Free induction decay

FFT:

Fast Fourier transform

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

FTS:

Fourier transform spectroscopy

GOx:

Glucose oxidase

H:

Hydrogen

H2O2:

Hydrogen peroxide

He:

Helium

IR:

Infrared

KBr:

Potassium bromide

KCl:

Potassium chloride

KE:

Kinetic energy

KOH:

Sodium hydroxide

Mg:

Magnesium

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MWCNTs:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Ne:

Neon

NEP:

Noise equivalent power

–NH2:

Amino groups

Ni:

Nickel

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NS:

Not specific

OPPs:

Organophosphorus pesticides

PBS:

Phosphate buffered saline

PCA:

Principal component analysis

PS:

Photosensitivity

Pt:

Platinum

Pt-Ni:

Platinum-nickel

RAMAN:

Raman spectroscopy

RRS:

Resonance Raman spectroscopy

S/N:

Signal-to-noise

SERS:

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering

SIMCA:

Soft independent modeling of class analogy

SNR:

Signal-to-noise ratio

SOC:

State of charge

SW:

Spectral width

SSRS:

Shifted subtracted Raman spectroscopy

TERS:

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

TMB:

3,30,5,50-tetramethylbenzidine

Trp:

Tryptophan

TRS:

Transmission Raman spectroscopy

Tyr:

Tyrosine

UV:

Ultraviolet

UV-Vis:

Ultraviolet-visible

V:

Vanadium

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

Zn (NO3)2 · 6H2O:

Zinc nitrate hexahydrate

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

λ:

Wavelength

Φspec:

Spectrometer work function

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    Euth Ortiz Ortega, Hamed Hosseinian, María José Rosales López, Andrea Rodríguez Vera & Samira Hosseini

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Ortiz Ortega, E., Hosseinian, H., Rosales López, M.J., Rodríguez Vera, A., Hosseini, S. (2022). Characterization Techniques for Chemical and Structural Analyses. In: Material Characterization Techniques and Applications. Progress in Optical Science and Photonics, vol 19. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9569-8_4

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