Abstract
The brain–gut interrelation plays a central role in linking psychological factors and gut dysfunction that clinically present with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and disease. The major clinical domains that involve brain–gut axis function include organic (structural pathology at macro-and micro-level), motility (measurable organ dysfunction), and functional GI disorders (FIGD). The latter is specifically defined in the presence of “illness experiences,” symptoms rather than signs, strongly linked to psychosocial impact and diagnosed by specific subjective (Rome) criteria. The biopsychosocial concept of disorders of the GI system linked genetics, culture, and environmental factors to stress, personality traits, psychology, coping, cognition, and social functions further to central (CNS) and enteric (ENS) nervous system influences that formed the pathophysiological basis of FGID. In this regard, current research has demonstrated that the motility, sensation, immune function, and mucosal physiology of the gut influenced by food and dietary habits have been linked to alterations of the intestinal microbiota and its functional metabolism. This liaison between the gut microbiota, the local (enteric), and central nervous systems have been shown to influence symptoms, severity, and behavior among patients with FGID. Thus, FGID is a syndrome of “clustered” GI symptoms, related to GI functioning, associated with perturbed gut–brain interaction and gut microbiota, associated with visceral hypersensitivity, motility disturbance, and altered mucosal and immune function in the presence of disturbed CNS processing, diagnosed by the Rome Criteria. The Rome IV Criteria classified FGIDs into 33 adult and 20 pediatric variants, primarily based on symptoms into anatomic regions (esophageal, gastroduodenal, bowel, biliary, and anorectal and centrally mediated disorders of GI pain) for easy utilization in clinical practice (Drossman 2016; Schmulson and Drossman 2017).
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Augustine, P., Ghoshal, U.C., Zulfikar, R.A., Philips, C.A. (2022). Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. In: Thomas, S. (eds) Human Microbiome . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7672-7_3
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