Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for COVID-19 Critical Care Patients

Hmadcha, Abdelkrim; Smani, Tarik; Sempere-Ortells, Jose Miguel; Zhao, Robert Chunhua; Soria, Bernat

doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_7-1

Abdelkrim Hmadcha^2,3,4,
Tarik Smani⁵,
Jose Miguel Sempere-Ortells⁶,
Robert Chunhua Zhao^7,8 &
…
Bernat Soria^3,9

50 Accesses

Abstract

Despite the titanic efforts of health systems worldwide through the implementation of severe public health measures, the number of patients with the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been dramatically increasing since December 2019. COVID-19 is a real threat that is currently becoming a major concern worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a virulent infection leading to a high mortality rate. Although, the emergency use authorization of COVID vaccines has brought hope to mitigate pandemic of COVID-19, there remains a need for additional effective vaccines to deal with SARS-CoV-2, a virus characterized by its unpredictable nature, high morbidity, and rapid ability to spread and to meet the global demand and address the potential new viral variants. Still there is a significantly increased demand for the development of new therapeutic alternatives to palliate the ongoing pandemic. Actually, treating critical COVID-19 patients is challenging as no specific treatment options against SARS-CoV-2 are available. The main pathologic features of critical COVID-19 were consistent with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, regenerative, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can reduce the manifestation of cytokine storm and can restore ARDS and ALI, exhibiting an important option to be applied to critical COVID-19 patients. Here we propose MSCs as a potential alternative therapy for COVID-19 patients and discussed specific aspects of this proposed cell therapy.

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Abbreviations

3D:: Three-dimensional
ACE2:: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
ALI:: Acute lung injuries
Ang-1:: Angiopoietin-1
ARB:: Angiotensin receptor blocker
ARDS:: Acute respiratory distress syndrome
AT2s:: Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells
CAR-T:: Chimeric antigen receptor T cells
CCN1:: CCN family number 1
CFTR:: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
CLDN1:: Claudin1
COVID-19:: Coronavirus disease 2019
CPE:: Cytopathologic effect
Cyr61:: Cysteine-rich protein 61
DEX:: Dexamethasone
ECM:: Extracellular matrix
EMMPRIN:: Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (or CD147)
FDA:: Food and Drug Administration
GFP:: Green fluorescent protein
GI:: Gastrointestinal
Gsis:: γ-Secretase inhibitors
HACE2:: Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
HCQ:: Hydroxychloroquine
HE:: Heme agglutinin esterase
HESCs:: Human embryonic stem cells
HiPSCs:: Human-induced pluripotent stem cells
HPSC:: Human pluripotent stem cell
Hrsace2:: Human recombinant soluble ACE2
Hs-cTnI:: Highly sensitive troponin-I
HSV1:: Herpes simplex virus-1
ICU:: Intensive care units
IFN:: Interferon
Ifnar1^-/-:: C57BL/6 mice with a genetic ablation of their type I interferon receptors
IL-1α:: Interleukin-alpha
IL1-β:: Interleukin-beta
IL-2:: Interleukin-2
Il28r^-/-:: C57BL/6 mice with a genetic ablation of their type III interferon receptors
Il2rg:: Interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain
Isgs:: Interferon-stimulated genes
KGF:: Keratinocyte growth factor
KRT18:: Cytokeratin 18
LPS:: Lipopolysaccharide
MAS:: Macrophage activation syndrome
Mascp6:: Mouse-adapted strain at passage 6
MERS:: Middle East respiratory syndrome
MODS:: Multiple organ dysfunction syndromes
MPA:: Mycophenolic acid
MSCs:: Mesenchymal stem cells
NPC:: Neural progenitor cells
NSCs::: Neural stem cells
NSG mouse:: NOD-SCID with null mutation in the gene encoding the il2rgl
PAMPs:: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PDGFb:: Platelet-derived growth factor subunit b
PMN:: Polymorphonuclear
QNHC:: Quinacrine dihydrochloride
RIG-I:: Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like
RLU:: Relative luciferase units
RM:: Regenerative medicine
SARS-cov-2:: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
SFTPC:: Surfactant protein-C
SLC10A2:: Solute carrier family 10 member 2
SOS:: Sinusoidal obstructive syndrome
S-protein:: Spike protein
TF:: Tissue factor (or CD142)
TMPRSS2:: Transmembrane serine protease 2
TNFα:: Tumor necrosis factor alpha
WHO:: World Health Organization
WT:: Wild type

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Authors and Affiliations

Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
Abdelkrim Hmadcha
University of Pablo Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
Abdelkrim Hmadcha & Bernat Soria
Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
Abdelkrim Hmadcha
Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/University of Seville/CSIC, Seville, Spain
Tarik Smani
Department of Biotechnology, Immunology Division, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
Jose Miguel Sempere-Ortells
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Robert Chunhua Zhao
Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
Robert Chunhua Zhao
Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering-Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), University Miguel Hernández School of Medicine, Alicante, Spain
Bernat Soria

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Abdelkrim Hmadcha
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Tarik Smani
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Jose Miguel Sempere-Ortells
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Robert Chunhua Zhao
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Bernat Soria
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Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
Khawaja H. Haider

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Cardiac surgery, Health Sciences North, Sudbury, Canada
Rony Atoui
Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
Maria Alvarez-Viejo
Sulaiman AlRajhi Medical School, Al Bukairiyah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Khawaja Husnain Haider

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Hmadcha, A., Smani, T., Sempere-Ortells, J.M., Zhao, R.C., Soria, B. (2022). Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for COVID-19 Critical Care Patients. In: Haider, K.H. (eds) Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_7-1

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_7-1
Received: 11 September 2021
Accepted: 16 November 2021
Published: 10 April 2022
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-6016-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-6016-0
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

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