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Stem Cells in Wound Healing and Scarring

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy

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Abstract

Stem cells are cells with the ability for self-renewal and differentiation into a myriad of cellular lineages. Here, we discuss their potential in skin regeneration, focusing on traumatic and nontraumatic healing and scarring. We identify and elaborate on the various types involved, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and ESC-like cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We discuss the role of iPSCs and MSCs in attenuating inflammation and fibrosis, thus promoting wound closure in models of defective wound healing and reducing both normal and aberrant scarring (i.e., keloids). In particular, we focus on MSCs and fibrotic changes, detailing their inhibitory function in TGFb/Smad signaling, and thus postinjury scar formation. Furthermore, we elaborate on ESCs and ESCs-like populations, discussing applications in normal skin appendage regeneration and recovery of nonhealing wounds, while ESCs-like cells function as a potential source of profibrotic keloid myofibroblasts. Although ESCs-like populations are implicated in scarring, the discussed studies posit that harnessing certain stem cell subpopulations could be an attractive strategy for rapid, scarless wound healing. This has implications in conditions of chronic inflammation and impaired healing and vascularity (e.g., diabetes) as well as traumatic conditions that necessitate rapid skin regeneration, such as burns.

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Abbreviations

ADMSCs:

Adipose tissue-derived MSCs

ADSCs:

Adipose-derived stem cells

AT:

Adipose tissue

BMP-2:

Bone-morphogenetic protein-2

CM:

Conditioned medium

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

EMT:

Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition

EPCs:

Endothelial progenitor cells

ESCs:

Embryonic stem cells

GDF:

Growth differentiation factor

HIF-1α:

Hypoxia-inducible factor

IFN:

Interferon

IL:

Interleukins

iPSCs:

Human-induced pluripotent stem cells

LIF:

Leukemia inhibitor factor

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NK:

Natural killer

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

SSEA:

Stage-specific embryonic antigen

TGF-b:

Transforming growth factor

TNF-a:

Tumor necrosis factor-a

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Roohi Vinaik & Marc G. Jeschke

  2. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Marc G. Jeschke

  3. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Marc G. Jeschke

  4. Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Marc G. Jeschke

Authors
  1. Roohi Vinaik
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  2. Marc G. Jeschke
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Correspondence to Marc G. Jeschke .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia

    Khawaja H. Haider

Section Editor information

  1. Cardiac surgery, Health Sciences North, Sudbury, Canada

    Rony Atoui

  2. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain

    Maria Alvarez-Viejo

  3. Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia

    Khawaja H. Haider

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Vinaik, R., Jeschke, M.G. (2022). Stem Cells in Wound Healing and Scarring. In: Haider, K.H. (eds) Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_4-1

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