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Optical Imaging of Epileptic Seizures

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Handbook of Neuroengineering

Abstract

Epilepsy is a diverse group of brain disorders mainly defined by recurrent seizures. Precise localization of epileptic activity in the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures is a complex problem that usually requires a host of methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) in clinical studies. From the end of the previous century, optical imaging methods have yielded revolutionary results when applied to all parts of the brain. In this chapter we cover intrinsic optical imaging and voltage-sensitive dye imaging, as well as several other techniques. All optical imaging techniques reflect various physiological processes in brain tissue which are indissolubly related with neuronal processes. While all the discussed imaging methods are applicable to animal models, several of them can also be used in human medicine for clinical studies and diagnostics. The basic principles of optical imaging of intrinsic signal, voltage-sensitive dye imaging, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, photoacoustic and their variations are described, followed by examples of cutting-edge epileptic studies where they have been utilized. In contrast to PET and fMRI, the main limitation of optical imaging is the limited penetration of photons, which allows us to only image cortical structures no deeper than a few tenths of a millimeter. Advantages include high spatial (up to microns) and temporal (up to milliseconds) resolution and relatively low costs. Scientists and clinicians employ a variety of optical imaging technologies to visualize and study the relationship between neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels. In this chapter we present an overview of the current optical approaches used for the in vivo imaging of epileptic seizures.

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Abbreviations

2-NBDG:

2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose

4-AP:

4-aminopyridine

AAV:

adeno-associated virus

ADK:

adenosine kinase

BCC:

bicuculline

CCD-camera:

charge-coupled device

CT:

computed tomography

DIOSI:

dynamic intrinsic optical signal imaging

EEG:

electroencephalogram

fMRI:

functional magnetic resonance imaging

fNIRS:

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy

GABA:

gamma-aminobutyric acid

GEVI:

Genetically encoded fluorescence indicators

IOS:

Intrinsic optical signal

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

OCT:

Optical coherence tomography

OMAG:

optical micro-angiography

PAT:

Photoacoustic imaging

PCX:

picrotoxin

PET:

positron emission tomography

PMT:

photomultipliers

PTZ:

pentylenetetrazol

SPECT:

single photon emission tomography

VSDi:

Voltage-sensitive dye imaging

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  1. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Vassiliy Tsytsarev

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    Nitish V. Thakor

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Tsytsarev, V. (2023). Optical Imaging of Epileptic Seizures. In: Thakor, N.V. (eds) Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_124

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