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Integrated Approaches for Biofortification of Food Crops by Improving Input Use Efficiency

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Input Use Efficiency for Food and Environmental Security

Abstract

About 33% of the human population is facing micronutrients deficiencies like zinc, iron, iodine, and selenium which have become serious health problems across the globe especially in the developing nations including Asian and African countries. The hidden hunger reduces the gross domestic product of the developing world up to 5 per cent. So the adequate intake of these micro/trace elements is required for normal human health. Supplemental intake through injections, tablets, and supplements although are effective but are not economical. So bio-fortifying cereal grain crops with zinc, iron, iodine, and selenium are today’s dire need of the world through improved input use efficiency. The recent studies advocated the grain yield enhancement of rice and wheat with soil application of ZnSO4 at 50 kg/ha under zinc-deficient soils but enhancement in grain zinc concentration is only 2–3 mg/kg. Using foliar zinc sulphate heptatehydrate at 0.5% at earing and early milk stage appreciably improves the Zn concentrations by 35% in rice and about 100% in wheat. The foliar Zn application along with pesticides which are required to control insects and diseases in wheat and rice can also be used without any adverse effect on the crop, it not only enhances grain Zn and controls insects and diseases but also reduces the application costs of the chemicals. A mixture of the micro/trace elements (zinc sulphate, potassium iodate, and sodium selenate) can be used together to enrich these nutrients together in rice and wheat. The optimum nitrogen application directly enhanced the protein, zinc, and iron in the grains. Overuse of phosphorus fertilizer may hamper the absorption of zinc through roots due to negative interaction. But integrated nutrients management using organic manure along with chemical fertilizer directly affects the micronutrients uptake and grain yield of the crops. Some of the varieties of rice, wheat, pearl millets that have been developed through genetic biofortification are also being consumed in the developing world for meeting the micro/trace elements requirement of masses. So, integration of genetic and agronomic biofortification can improve the nutrient use efficiency which enhances the nutrient content in the grains and will help in mitigating the deficiency of nutrients in crops and human beings across the globe.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India

    Hari Ram, Maninder Kaur & Neha Gupta

  2. Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India

    Balwinder Kumar

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  2. Maninder Kaur
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  4. Balwinder Kumar
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  1. Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Rajan Bhatt

  2. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Swaroop Meena

  3. Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

    Akbar Hossain

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Ram, H., Kaur, M., Gupta, N., Kumar, B. (2021). Integrated Approaches for Biofortification of Food Crops by Improving Input Use Efficiency. In: Bhatt, R., Meena, R.S., Hossain, A. (eds) Input Use Efficiency for Food and Environmental Security. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5199-1_14

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