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Green Nanoparticles: A Hope for Targeted Delivery of Natural Therapeuticals for the Management of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)

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Polyphenols-based Nanotherapeutics for Cancer Management

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Abstract

Every year, large populations of primary malignant brain tumors are reported, of which approximately 70% are malignant gliomas. Over half of malignant glioma patients are of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) linked with high mortality rates. The progression of GBM leads through several complicated pathways, which have also been expressed in the recurring segment. Previous researches have shown that various compounds found in edible plants, known colloquially as phytochemicals, can simultaneously influence multiple genetic pathways and can be used to treat GBM as a potential drug agent. Polysaccharides and flavonoids are among the phytochemicals extensively analyzed for their antioxidant, antineoplastic, and anti-inflammatory actions. Likewise, a broad detail of phytochemicals that have significant effects on GBM had been provided. Green nanoparticles have the ability to prevent or reverse carcinogenesis by halting or redirecting the start process or stopping the progression phase. Centered on a deep understanding of the intrinsic properties of GBM, such novel methods of drug delivery have demonstrated promise to overcome certain barriers. The BBB obstructs drug distribution to the brain and inhibits the efficacy of both old and new medications at the specified location. Because current GBM treatments are preventative instead of therapeutic, new delivery mechanisms are critical, and nanoparticles will be at the forefront of future initiatives. This chapter discusses the role of natural phytochemicals in enhancing glioblastoma patient expectancy and life expectancy by increasing treatment potential and reducing significant side effects. Furthermore, many novel GBM treatments will use better delivery systems and abandon the current approach of injecting medications and devices directly into the tumor. Nano-biotechnology, especially nanoparticles, contributes significantly to improving the delivery of drugs into carcinoma cells, and many of these technologies can be used in GBM. Finally, this chapter therefore emphasized the potential of natural products and novel drug delivery systems in GBM treatment by regulating multiple cancer pathways, such as toxicity reduction and side effects.

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Abbreviations

GBM:

Glioblastoma multiforme

WHO:

World health organization

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

MDM2:

Mouse double minute 2

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

Wnt:

Wingless-related integration site

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

AKT/PKB:

Protein kinase B

LRP5:

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

Fz:

Frizzled receptor

P56:

Transcription factor

IKK:

IκB kinase

Nf-kB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1

Bcl-2:

B cell lymphoma

INK4:

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors

IL-8:

Interleukin

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

MAPK:

mitogen-activated protein kinase

RelA:

Rel Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Viral Oncogene Homolog A

TGF-α:

Transforming growth factor-α

Ser473 and Thr308:

serine/threonine kinase sites

mTOR:

The mechanistic target of rapamycin

TCS1/2:

Tuberous sclerosis complex

PTCH:

Transmembrane receptor Patched

GLI1:

Glioma-associated oncogene

PTCH1:

Protein patched homolog 1

PDGF-R:

Platelet-derived growth factor receptors

QCT:

Quercetin

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

RVT:

Resveratrol

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

AMPK:

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase

DMBA:

Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene

UPA/UPAR:

Urokinase receptor

TNF-α:

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha

CCM:

Curcumin

BAD:

BCL2 Associated Agonist of Cell Death

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

CRS:

Chrysin

PPAR:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

ERK:

a type of serine/threonine protein kinase

TBK1 :

TANK-binding kinase 1

MCF-7:

Michigan Cancer Foundation-7

NRF-2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

GST:

Genistein

BC-A:

Biochanin A

EGG:

Epigallocatechin gallate

HeLa:

Henrietta Lacks

LNCaP:

Lymph Node Carcinoma

PARP:

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase

CDK:

Cyclin-dependent kinase

CD:

Cluster of Differentiation

LTN:

Lentinan

Dectin-1:

C-type lectin domain family 7 member A

CR3:

Complement receptors 3

NK:

Natural killer cells

TH1/2:

T helper

DLD:

D.L. Dexter

PD-L1:

Programmed cell death ligand

RTN:

Retinoids

OPBA:

Ophiobolin A

ER stress:

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

ITC:

Isothiocyanates

TMZ:

Temozolomide

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

SKN:

Shikonin

DRB:

Doxorubicin

NPs:

Nanoparticles

SPA:

Super-paramagnetic particle adducts

GW:

Gliadel Wafers

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

BM:

Biomimetic

CLT:

Cyclic decapeptide

mAb:

Monoclonal antibody

PEBBLEs:

Probes encapsulated by biologically localized embedding

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, Buddha Institute of Pharmacy, Gorakhpur, India

    Ehraz Mehmood Siddiqui

  2. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Andleeb Khan

  3. Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India

    Sidharth Mehan & Rakesh Sahu

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  1. King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Shams Tabrez

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammad Imran Khan

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Siddiqui, E.M., Khan, A., Mehan, S., Sahu, R. (2021). Green Nanoparticles: A Hope for Targeted Delivery of Natural Therapeuticals for the Management of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). In: Tabrez, S., Imran Khan, M. (eds) Polyphenols-based Nanotherapeutics for Cancer Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4935-6_12

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