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A Comparative Assessment of Biogas Upgradation Techniques and Its Utilization as an Alternative Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines

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Alternative Fuels and Advanced Combustion Techniques as Sustainable Solutions for Internal Combustion Engines

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

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Abstract

Growing concern about the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, current environmental conditions, energy challenges and new environmental regulations has encouraged the researchers worldwide for new environmentally compatible alternatives from natural resources. In this context, biogas produced from anaerobic digestion of organic resources may be considered as a significant bioenergy with the potential to address these concerns. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide as the major constituents with other trace components like water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon monoxide and nitrogen. Uses of biogas can be seen in heating, cooking, lighting and power production. However, cleaning of biogas from its impurities, mainly CO2 and H2S, can extend its scope of applications. There are numerous physico-chemical (viz. cryogenic, adsorption, membrane separations and absorption) and biological (in situ and ex situ) technologies for biogas upgradation. These operations are aimed at enriching the methane content of biogas above 90% and thereby enhancing the calorific value up to 35.3 MJ/m3. The purpose behind such upgrading is generally focused to meet the fuel standards to be used in vehicles, for injection in the natural gas grid, and to be used as substrate for the production of chemicals or for fuel cell applications. Enriched biogas is compressed and stocked in gas cylinder and transported to the desired location for utilization. Additionally, use of enriched biogas reduces greenhouse gas emissions. This chapter aims at meticulously evaluating the existing and emerging biogas production and upgradation technologies and confers the outlook for overcoming the challenges associated with them.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Anaerobic digestion

CH4:

Methane

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

N2:

Nitrogen

H2S:

Hydrogen sulfide

NH3:

Ammonia

ppm:

Parts per million

HRT:

Hydraulic retention time

FVW:

Fruit and vegetable wastes

CN:

Carbon Nitrogen

pH:

Potential of hydrogen

IC:

Internal combustion

MEA:

Monoethanolamine

DEA:

Diethanolamine

TEA:

Triethanolamine

DGA:

Diglycolamine

MDEA:

Methyldiethanolamine

PZ:

Piperazine

AMP:

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

CaCO3:

Calcium carbonate

Na2CO3:

Sodium carbonate

K2CO3:

Potassium carbonate

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2:

Calcium hydroxide

PSA:

Pressure swing adsorption

MMMs:

Mixed matrix membranes

VFA:

Volatile fatty acids

ATBR:

Anaerobic trickle-bed reactors

CSTR:

Continuous stirred tank reactor

SI:

Spark ignition

CI:

Compression ignition

CR:

Compression ratio

NOx:

Nitrogen oxide

R&D:

Research and development

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, for the above project (256/3/2017-BIOGAS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India

    Deep Bora, Lepakshi Barbora & Pinakeswar Mahanta

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India

    Pinakeswar Mahanta

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Yupia, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India

    Pinakeswar Mahanta

  4. Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Yupia, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India

    Arup Jyoti Borah

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Akhilendra Pratap Singh

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Dhananjay Kumar

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Avinash Kumar Agarwal

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Bora, D., Barbora, L., Borah, A.J., Mahanta, P. (2021). A Comparative Assessment of Biogas Upgradation Techniques and Its Utilization as an Alternative Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines. In: Singh, A.P., Kumar, D., Agarwal, A.K. (eds) Alternative Fuels and Advanced Combustion Techniques as Sustainable Solutions for Internal Combustion Engines. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1513-9_5

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