Abstract
Intracellular redox status plays a vital role in cancer development and cancer therapy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed a significant role in the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis. ROS are repeatedly recycled in the biological system. A balance between an oxidative and anti-oxidative environment remains maintained in cancerous cells. Oncology studies suggested that enhanced ROS levels are shown in cancer cells compared to a normal cell, and the redox balance remains maintained due to the presence of antioxidants inside the cell. Altering ROS levels and adapted antioxidants in cancer cells are the dimensions of initiating and modulating cell death from one form to another. ROS modulation could be thoughtful alterations to kill cancer cells. Cell death modulation in cancer cells would be more helpful to minimize the side effect caused by single therapy and help overcome toxic manifestations generated due to high doses.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Aggarwal V, Tuli HS, Varol A et al (2019 Nov 13) Role of reactive oxygen species in cancer progression: molecular mechanisms and recent advancements. Biomolecules 9(11):735. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110735
Alexandre J, Nicco C, Chéreau C et al (2006) Improvement of the therapeutic index of anticancer drugs by the superoxide dismutase mimic mangafodipir. J Natl Cancer Inst 98(4):236–244. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djj049
Ames BN (1989) Endogenous oxidative DNA damage, aging, and cancer. Free Radic Res Commun 7(3–6):121–128. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715768909087933
Ansell SM, Flinn I, Taylor MH et al (2020) Safety and activity of varlilumab, a novel and first-in-class agonist anti-CD27 antibody, for hematologic malignancies. Blood Adv 4(9):1917–1926. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001079
Antonenkov VD, Grunau S, Ohlmeier S, Hiltunen JK (2010) Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles. Antioxid Redox Signal 13(4):525–537. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2009.2996
Azad MB, Chen Y, Gibson SB (2009) Regulation of autophagy by reactive oxygen species (ROS): implications for cancer progression and treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 11(4):777–790. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2008.2270
Bánfi B, Tirone F, Durussel I et al (2004) Mechanism of Ca2+ activation of the NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5). J Biol Chem 279(18):18583–18591. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M310268200
Bao X, Wu J, Kim S, LoRusso P, Li J (2019) Pharmacometabolomics reveals irinotecan mechanism of action in cancer patients. J Clin Pharmacol 59(1):20–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1275
Bienert GP, Schjoerring JK, Jahn TP (2006) Membrane transport of hydrogen peroxide. Biochim Biophys Acta 1758(8):994–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.02.015
Borrego-Soto G, Ortiz-López R, Rojas-MartÃnez A (2015) Ionizing radiation-induced DNA injury and damage detection in patients with breast cancer. Genet Mol Biol 38(4):420–432. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-475738420150019
Boyer-Guittaut M, Poillet L, Liang Q, et al (2014) The role of GABARAPL1/GEC1 in autophagic flux and mitochondrial quality control in MDA-MB-436 breast cancer cells. Autophagy 10(6):986–1003. https://doi.org/10.4161/auto.28390. [Published correction appears in Autophagy. 2019 Oct;15(10):1857]
Brown GC, Borutaite V (2002) Nitric oxide inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and its role in cell death. Free Radic Biol Med 33(11):1440–1450. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01112-7
Brown JM, Recht L, Strober S (2017) The promise of targeting macrophages in cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 23(13):3241–3250. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-3122
Burke PJ (2017) Mitochondria, bioenergetics and apoptosis in cancer. Trends Cancer 3(12):857–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2017.10.006
Chamoto K, Chowdhury PS, Kumar A et al (2017) Mitochondrial activation chemicals synergize with surface receptor PD-1 blockade for T cell-dependent antitumor activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(5):E761–E770. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620433114
Chen Y, McMillan-Ward E, Kong J, Israels SJ, Gibson SB (2008) Oxidative stress induces autophagic cell death independent of apoptosis in transformed and cancer cells. Cell Death Differ 15(1):171–182. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4402233
Chio IIC, Tuveson DA (2017) ROS in cancer: the burning question. Trends Mol Med 23(5):411–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2017.03.004
Chou WC, Jie C, Kenedy AA, Jones RJ, Trush MA, Dang CV (2004) Role of NADPH oxidase in arsenic-induced reactive oxygen species formation and cytotoxicity in myeloid leukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(13):4578–4583. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306687101
Clinicaltrials.gov. United States. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. NCT01463605 (2011 November) Nimotuzumab combined with radiotherapy for older patients with esophageal cancer: a single, non control clinical trial. p 2. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01463605
Clinicaltrials.gov. United States. City of Hope Medical Centre. NCT00738452 (2008 August) Radiolabeled monoclonal antibody therapy in treating patients with stage I-IIIB non-small cell lung cancer after completion of radiation therapy alone or combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy. p 2. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00738452
Clinicaltrials.gov. United States. Duke University, NCT02057939 (2014 February) Salvage therapeutic radiation with enzalutamide and ADT in men with recurrent prostate cancer (STREAM) (STREAM). p 3. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02057939
Clinicaltrials.gov. United States. Fudan University. NCT04499586 (2020 August) A study of radiotherapy combined with raltitrexed and irinotecan in metastatic or locally recurrent colorectal cancer p 2. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04499586
Clinicaltrials.gov. United States. National Institutes of Health Clinical Centre (CC). NCT01324141 (2011 March) Topical MTS01 for dermatitis during radiation and chemotherapy for anal cancer. p 3. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01324141
Clinicaltrials.gov. United States. Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey. NCT04081688 (2019 September) Atezolizumab and Varlilumab in Combination With Radiation Therapy for NSCLC. p 2. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04081488
Clinicaltrials.gov. United States. SCRI Development Innovations, LLC. NCT01769508 (2013 January) Study of 5-FU, oxaliplatin and lapatinib combined with radiation therapy to treat HER2 positive esophagogastric cancer, p 3. https://cliniclatrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01769508
Clinicaltrials.gov. United States. Sun Yat-Sen University. NCT04970693 (2021 July) A study of furmonertinib combined with radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer with oligoprogression. p 2. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04970693
Clinicaltrials.gov. United States. University of California, San Francisco. NCT01835626 (2013 April) Phase II study of radiation therapy and vismodegib for advanced head/neck basal cell carcinoma. p 2. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01835626
Clinicaltrials.gov. United States. University of Florida, NCT0104624 (2019 December) Docetaxel, androgen deprivation and proton therapy for high risk prostate cancer (PR05). p 3. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0104624
Clinicaltrials.gov. United States. University of Fudan. NCT04582968 (2020 October) Pyrotinib ombined with brain radiotherapy in breast cancer patients with brain metastases. p 2. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04582968
Conklin KA (2004) Chemotherapy-associated oxidative stress: impact on chemotherapeutic effectiveness. Integr Cancer Ther 3(4):294–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735404270335
Crombet Ramos T, Mestre Fernández B, Mazorra Herrera Z, Iznaga Escobar NE (2020 May 27) Nimotuzumab for patients with inoperable cancer of the head and neck. Front Oncol 10:817. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00817
Cui Q, Wang JQ, Assaraf YG et al (2018) Modulating ROS to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 41:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2018.11.001
Dahlgren C, Karlsson A (1999) Respiratory burst in human neutrophils. J Immunol Methods 232(1–2):3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00146-5
Dai J, Chen Y, Tang C et al (2020) Pyrotinib in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 99(25):e20809. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020809
Digomann D, Linge A, Dubrovska A (2019) SLC3A2/CD98hc, autophagy and tumor radioresistance: a link confirmed. Autophagy 15(10):1850–1851. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2019.1639302
Dizdaroglu M (1991) Chemical determination of free radical-induced damage to DNA. Free Radic Biol Med 10(3–4):225–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(91)90080-m
Djavaheri-Mergny M, Amelotti M, Mathieu J et al (2006) NF-kappaB activation represses tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced autophagy. J Biol Chem 281(41):30373–30382. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M602097200
Dorstyn L, Akey CW, Kumar S (2018) New insights into apoptosome structure and function. Cell Death Differ 25(7):1194–1208. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-017-0025-z
Dragovich T, Gordon M, Mendelson D et al (2007) Phase I trial of imexon in patients with advanced malignancy. J Clin Oncol 25(13):1779–1784. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.08.9672
Emanuele S, D’Anneo A, Calvaruso G, Cernigliaro C, Giuliano M, Lauricella M (2018) The double-edged sword profile of redox signaling: oxidative events as molecular switches in the balance between cell physiology and cancer. Chem Res Toxicol 31(4):201–210. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00311
Facchinetti F, Bordi P, Leonetti A, Buti S, Tiseo M (2018 Sep 10) Profile of atezolizumab in the treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: patient selection and perspectives. Drug Des Devel Ther 12:2857–2873. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S124380
Galluzzi L, Kroemer G (2008) Necroptosis: a specialized pathway of programmed necrosis. Cell 135(7):1161–1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.004
Greten FR, Grivennikov SI (2019) Inflammation and cancer: triggers, mechanisms, and consequences. Immunity 51(1):27–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.025
Gwinn DM, Shackelford DB, Egan DF et al (2008) AMPK phosphorylation of raptor mediates a metabolic checkpoint. Mol Cell 30(2):214–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2008.03.003
Hegedűs C, Kovács K, Polgár Z et al (2018) Redox control of cancer cell destruction. Redox Biol 16:59–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.015
Hengartner MO (2000) The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 407(6805):770–776. https://doi.org/10.1038/35037710
Higuchi Y (2003) Chromosomal DNA fragmentation in apoptosis and necrosis induced by oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol 66(8):1527–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00508-2
Hirschhorn T, Stockwell BR (2019) The development of the concept of ferroptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 133:130–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.043
Horwitz SB (1994) Taxol (paclitaxel): mechanisms of action. Ann Oncol 5(Suppl 6):S3–S6
Huang G, Pan ST (2020 Jul 22) ROS-mediated therapeutic strategy in chemo-/radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2020:5047987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5047987
Humpton TJ, Vousden KH (2016 Jul 1) Regulation of cellular metabolism and hypoxia by p53. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 6(7):a026146. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a026146
Irani K, Xia Y, Zweier JL et al (1997) Mitogenic signaling mediated by oxidants in Ras-transformed fibroblasts. Science 275(5306):1649–1652. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5306.1649
Jiang X, Stockwell BR, Conrad M (2021) Ferroptosis: mechanisms, biology and role in disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 22(4):266–282. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-00324-8. Epub 2021 Jan 25. PMID: 33495651; PMCID: PMC8142022
Kim JY, Ahn HJ, Ryu JH, Suk K, Park JH (2004) BH3-only protein Noxa is a mediator of hypoxic cell death induced by hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha. J Exp Med 199(1):113–124. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20030613
Kiraz Y, Adan A, Kartal Yandim M, Baran Y (2016) Major apoptotic mechanisms and genes involved in apoptosis. Tumour Biol 37(7):8471–8486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-5035-9
Kong Q, Beel JA, Lillehei KO (2000) A threshold concept for cancer therapy. Med Hypotheses 55(1):29–35. https://doi.org/10.1054/mehy.1999.0982
Kotsafti A, Scarpa M, Castagliuolo I, Scarpa M (2020 Jul 1) Reactive oxygen species and antitumor immunity-from surveillance to evasion. Cancers (Basel) 12(7):1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12071748
Krüger M, Pabst AM, Al-Nawas B, Horke S, Moergel M (2015) Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) protects oral squamous cell cancer cells against irradiation-induced apoptosis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 141(10):1757–1766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-015-1941-2
Lança T, Silva-Santos B (2012) The split nature of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes: implications for cancer surveillance and immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 1(5):717–725. https://doi.org/10.4161/onci.20068
Li D, Ueta E, Kimura T, Yamamoto T, Osaki T (2004) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) control the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins by regulating their phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Cancer Sci 95(8):644–650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03323.x
Li X, Wang H, Wang J et al (2016 Aug 2) Emodin enhances cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in human bladder cancer cells through ROS elevation and MRP1 downregulation. BMC Cancer 16:578. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2640-3
Li J, Cao F, Yin HL et al (2020 Feb 3) Ferroptosis: past, present and future. Cell Death Dis 11(2):88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-2298-2
Liou GY, Storz P (2010) Reactive oxygen species in cancer. Free Radic Res 44(5):479–496. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715761003667554
Liu L, He H, Liang R et al (2018) ROS-inducing micelles sensitize tumor-associated macrophages to TLR3 stimulation for potent immunotherapy. Biomacromolecules 19(6):2146–2155. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00239
Liu L, Fan J, Ai G et al (2019 Jul 18) Berberine in combination with cisplatin induces necroptosis and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Biol Res 52(1):37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-019-0243-6
Liu Y, Chen Q, Zhu Y, et al (2021 Aug 11) Non-coding RNAs in necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis in cancer metastasis. Cell Death Discov 7(1):210. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-021-00596-9. [published correction appears in Cell Death Discov. 2021 Aug 31;7(1):228]
Luanpitpong S, Chanvorachote P, Nimmannit U et al (2012) Mitochondrial superoxide mediates doxorubicin-induced keratinocyte apoptosis through oxidative modification of ERK and Bcl-2 ubiquitination. Biochem Pharmacol 83(12):1643–1654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.010
Ma Y, Hou L, Yu F et al (2017) Incidence and physiological mechanism of carboplatin-induced electrolyte abnormality among patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 8(11):18417–18423. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.12813
Maemura K, Zheng Q, Wada T et al (2005) Reactive oxygen species are essential mediators in antigen presentation by Kupffer cells. Immunol Cell Biol 83(4):336–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01323.x
Maillet A, Pervaiz S (2012) Redox regulation of p53, redox effectors regulated by p53: a subtle balance. Antioxid Redox Signal 16(11):1285–1294. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2011.4434
Marullo R, Werner E, Degtyareva N et al (2013 Nov 19) Cisplatin induces a mitochondrial-ROS response that contributes to cytotoxicity depending on mitochondrial redox status and bioenergetic functions. PLoS One 8(11):e81162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081162
Matsue H, Edelbaum D, Shalhevet D et al (2003) Generation and function of reactive oxygen species in dendritic cells during antigen presentation. J Immunol 171(6):3010–3018. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3010
Meitzler JL, Antony S, Wu Y et al (2014) NADPH oxidases: a perspective on reactive oxygen species production in tumor biology. Antioxid Redox Signal 20(17):2873–2889. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2013.5603
Mizutani H, Tada-Oikawa S, Hiraku Y, Kojima M, Kawanishi S (2005) Mechanism of apoptosis induced by doxorubicin through the generation of hydrogen peroxide. Life Sci 76(13):1439–1453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.05.040
Nicolay NH, Wiedenmann N, Mix M et al (2020) Correlative analyses between tissue-based hypoxia biomarkers and hypoxia PET imaging in head and neck cancer patients during radiochemotherapy-results from a prospective trial. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 47(5):1046–1055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04598-9
Paradies G, Paradies V, De Benedictis V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G (2014) Functional role of cardiolipin in mitochondrial bioenergetics. Biochim Biophys Acta 1837(4):408–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.10.006
Pelicano H, Carney D, Huang P (2004) ROS stress in cancer cells and therapeutic implications. Drug Resist Updat 7(2):97–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2004.01.004
Perillo B, Di Donato M, Pezone A et al (2020) ROS in cancer therapy: the bright side of the moon. Exp Mol Med 52(2):192–203. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0384-2
Perry JJ, Shin DS, Getzoff ED, Tainer JA (2010) The structural biochemistry of the superoxide dismutases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1804(2):245–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.11.004
Redza-Dutordoir M, Averill-Bates DA (2016) Activation of apoptosis signalling pathways by reactive oxygen species. Biochim Biophys Acta 1863(12):2977–2992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.012
de Sá Junior PL, Câmara DAD, Porcacchia AS et al (2017) The roles of ROS in cancer heterogeneity and therapy. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2017:2467940. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2467940
Sablina AA, Budanov AV, Ilyinskaya GV, Agapova LS, Kravchenko JE, Chumakov PM (2005) The antioxidant function of the p53 tumor suppressor. Nat Med 11(12):1306–1313. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1320
Safa AR (2012) c-FLIP, a master anti-apoptotic regulator. Exp Oncol 34(3):176–184
Salehi F, Behboudi H, Kavoosi G, Ardestani SK (2018 Sep 17) Oxidative DNA damage induced by ROS-modulating agents with the ability to target DNA: a comparison of the biological characteristics of citrus pectin and apple pectin. Sci Rep 8(1):13902. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32308-2
Sarhan J, Liu BC, Muendlein HI et al (2018) Caspase-8 induces cleavage of gasdermin D to elicit pyroptosis during Yersinia infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115(46):E10888–E10897. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809548115
Scharping NE, Menk AV, Whetstone RD, Zeng X, Delgoffe GM (2017) Efficacy of PD-1 blockade is potentiated by metformin-induced reduction of tumor hypoxia. Cancer Immunol Res 5(1):9–16. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-16-0103
Secchi C, Orecchioni M, Carta M, Galimi F, Turrini F, Pantaleo A (2020 Jan 14) Signaling response to transient redox stress in human isolated t cells: molecular sensor role of Syk kinase and functional involvement of IL2 receptor and l-selectine. Sensors (Basel) 20(2):466. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020466
Sharma A, Flora SJS (2021 Apr 28) Positive and negative regulation of ferroptosis and its role in maintaining metabolic and redox homeostasis. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2021:9074206. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9074206
Shi H, Shi X, Liu KJ (2004) Oxidative mechanism of arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 255(1–2):67–78. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:mcbi.0000007262.26044.e8
Shi Y, Hu X, Zhang S et al (2021) Efficacy, safety, and genetic analysis of furmonertinib (AST2818) in patients with EGFR T790M mutated non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase 2b, multicentre, single-arm, open-label study. Lancet Respir Med 9(8):829–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30455-0
Siddiqui NS, Godara A, Byrne MM, Saif MW (2019) Capecitabine for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 20(4):399–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2018.1560422
Smyth MJ, Dunn GP, Schreiber RD (2006) Cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting: the roles of immunity in suppressing tumor development and shaping tumor immunogenicity. Adv Immunol 90:1–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2776(06)90001-7
Sosa V, Moliné T, Somoza R, Paciucci R, Kondoh H, LLeonart ME. (2013) Oxidative stress and cancer: an overview. Ageing Res Rev 12(1):376–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2012.10.004
Surmont VF, van Meerbeeck JP (2011) Raltitrexed in mesothelioma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 11(10):1481–1490. https://doi.org/10.1586/era.11.136
Tan Y, Chen Q, Li X, et al (2021 May 3) Pyroptosis: a new paradigm of cell death for fighting against cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 40(1):153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-021-01959-x. [published correction appears in J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2021 Jul 1;40(1):219] [published correction appears in J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2021 Sep 22;40(1):296]
Tang D, Kang R, Livesey KM et al (2010) Endogenous HMGB1 regulates autophagy. J Cell Biol 190(5):881–892. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200911078
Teppo HR, Soini Y, Karihtala P (2017) Reactive oxygen species-mediated mechanisms of action of targeted cancer therapy. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2017:1485283. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1485283
Trachootham D, Alexandre J, Huang P (2009) Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: a radical therapeutic approach? Nat Rev Drug Discov 8(7):579–591. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2803
Villalpando-Rodriguez GE, Gibson SB (2021 Aug 14) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Regulates different types of cell death by acting as a rheostat. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2021:9912436. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9912436s
Wang H, Li X, Chen T et al (2013) Mechanisms of verapamil-enhanced chemosensitivity of gallbladder cancer cells to platinum drugs: glutathione reduction and MRP1 downregulation. Oncol Rep 29(2):676–684. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2012.2156
Wang H, Sun L, Su L et al (2014) Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein MLKL causes necrotic membrane disruption upon phosphorylation by RIP3. Mol Cell 54(1):133–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.003
Wang Y, Gao W, Shi X et al (2017) Chemotherapy drugs induce pyroptosis through caspase-3 cleavage of a gasdermin. Nature 547(7661):99–103. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22393
Wang H, Lin D, Yu Q et al (2021a Jun 9) A promising future of ferroptosis in tumor therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 9:629150. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.629150
Wang L, Qin X, Liang J, Ge P (2021b Feb 26) Induction of pyroptosis: a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Front Oncol 11:635774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.635774
Wigmore PM, Mustafa S, El-Beltagy M, Lyons L, Umka J, Bennett G (2010) Effects of 5-FU. Adv Exp Med Biol 678:157–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6306-2_20
Wilkie-Grantham RP, Matsuzawa S, Reed JC (2013) Novel phosphorylation and ubiquitination sites regulate reactive oxygen species-dependent degradation of anti-apoptotic c-FLIP protein. J Biol Chem 288(18):12777–12790. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.431320
Wozny AS, Lauret A, Battiston-Montagne P et al (2017) Differential pattern of HIF-1α expression in HNSCC cancer stem cells after carbon ion or photon irradiation: one molecular explanation of the oxygen effect. Br J Cancer 116(10):1340–1349. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2017.100
Xiao D, Powolny AA, Moura MB et al (2010) Phenethyl isothiocyanate inhibits oxidative phosphorylation to trigger reactive oxygen species-mediated death of human prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 285(34):26558–26569. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.063255
Xie Y, Hou W, Song X et al (2016) Ferroptosis: process and function. Cell Death Differ 23(3):369–379. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2015.158
Yan HF, Zou T, Tuo QZ et al (2021 Feb 3) Ferroptosis: mechanisms and links with diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 6(1):49. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00428-9
Yang H, Villani RM, Wang H et al (2018 Nov 1) The role of cellular reactive oxygen species in cancer chemotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 37(1):266. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-018-0909-x
Yen YP, Tsai KS, Chen YW, Huang CF, Yang RS, Liu SH (2012) Arsenic induces apoptosis in myoblasts through a reactive oxygen species-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. Arch Toxicol 86(6):923–933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-012-0864-9
Yoshino H, Enokida H, Chiyomaru T et al (2012) Tumor suppressive microRNA-1 mediated novel apoptosis pathways through direct inhibition of splicing factor serine/arginine-rich 9 (SRSF9/SRp30c) in bladder cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 417(1):588–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.011
Yu P, Wang HY, Tian M et al (2019) Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase regulates the cross-talk between autophagy and pyroptosis in doxorubicin-treated human melanoma cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 40(9):1237–1244. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-019-0222-z
Zhang DW, Shao J, Lin J et al (2009) RIP3, an energy metabolism regulator that switches TNF-induced cell death from apoptosis to necrosis. Science 325(5938):332–336. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172308
Ziech D, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI (2011) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) – induced genetic and epigenetic alterations in human carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 711(1–2):167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.02.015
Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ (2014) Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release. Physiol Rev 94(3):909–950. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00026.2013
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Gautam, A., Goyal, L. (2022). Role of ROS in Combined Radiation Effect in Cancer Therapy. In: Chakraborti, S. (eds) Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Therapeutic Aspects. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1247-3_65-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1247-3_65-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-1247-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-1247-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences